Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:
✅It is situated in H.D. Kote taluk of Mysuru district, Karnataka.
✅It lies north of Bandipur National Park.
✅The sanctuary includes the backwaters of Nugu Dam on its western side and shares borders with Alaganchi State Forest, a part of Bandipur Tiger Reserve on the southwest side.
✅Nugu Dam is built across the Nugu River, a tributary of the Cauvery.
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✅It is situated in H.D. Kote taluk of Mysuru district, Karnataka.
✅It lies north of Bandipur National Park.
✅The sanctuary includes the backwaters of Nugu Dam on its western side and shares borders with Alaganchi State Forest, a part of Bandipur Tiger Reserve on the southwest side.
✅Nugu Dam is built across the Nugu River, a tributary of the Cauvery.
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Tikhir Tribe:
✅It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
✅They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
✅They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
✅Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
📍Beliefs:
✅With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
✅Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
✅"Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
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✅It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
✅They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
✅They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
✅Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
📍Beliefs:
✅With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
✅Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
✅"Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
#geography
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Rivers in News:
📍Song River
✅Origin: Lesser Himalayas, near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Seasonal feeder to the Ganga River system.
📍Western Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
📍Eastern Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
Shipra River
✅Origin: Nainital district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Kosi River.
NOTE: Madhya Pradesh also has one of the rivers named Shipra, which joins Chambal.
📍Gaudi River
✅Origin: Champawat district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Tributary of the Saryu River
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📍Song River
✅Origin: Lesser Himalayas, near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Seasonal feeder to the Ganga River system.
📍Western Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
📍Eastern Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
Shipra River
✅Origin: Nainital district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Kosi River.
NOTE: Madhya Pradesh also has one of the rivers named Shipra, which joins Chambal.
📍Gaudi River
✅Origin: Champawat district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Tributary of the Saryu River
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Which one of the following seas is associated with ‘Snake Island’ which has been in the news recently?
Anonymous Quiz
25%
Caspian Sea
28%
Aral Sea
31%
Black Sea
16%
Mediterranean Sea
Chakki River:
✅It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
✅It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
✅Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
📍Beas River:
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
✅It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name.
✅The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
Course:
✅Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
✅It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
✅Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
✅Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
✅It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
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✅It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
✅It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
✅Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
📍Beas River:
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
✅It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name.
✅The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
Course:
✅Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
✅It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
✅Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
✅Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
✅It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
#River_Series
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Opsc prelims, TGPSC prelims, arunachal pradesh psc prelims today paper
https://www.tg-me.com/testseries1
https://www.tg-me.com/testseries1
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
ESTONIA
✅ Why in news : Estonia, one of the world’s most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countries’ cybersecurity infrastructure.
✅Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
✅It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and
✅The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
✅Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
✅Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).
✅Following the 1988–1990 bloodless Estonian “Singing Revolution” against the Soviet rule, the nation’s full independence was restored on20 August 1991.
✅Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index.
✅Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties).
✅With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and
✅Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies.
✅ Why in news : Estonia, one of the world’s most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countries’ cybersecurity infrastructure.
✅Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
✅It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and
✅The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
✅Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
✅Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).
✅Following the 1988–1990 bloodless Estonian “Singing Revolution” against the Soviet rule, the nation’s full independence was restored on20 August 1991.
✅Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index.
✅Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties).
✅With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and
✅Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies.
🔆La Niña?
✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
#geography
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✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
#geography
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Libya:
✅Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
✅Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
📍Geographic Features:
✅Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
✅Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
✅Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
✅Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
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✅Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
✅Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
📍Geographic Features:
✅Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
✅Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
✅Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
✅Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
#Places_in_news
#geography
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🔆Masali Village:
✅Masali village in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district has become India’s first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
✅Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
✅Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
📍Significance:
✅First solar-powered border village in India.
✅Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
✅Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
✅Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
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✅Masali village in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district has become India’s first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
✅Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
✅Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
📍Significance:
✅First solar-powered border village in India.
✅Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
✅Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
✅Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
#prelims
#Places_in_news
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🔆Panama Canal.
📍Why in news.
✅Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
✅It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
✅It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
✅It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
✅From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
✅In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
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📍Why in news.
✅Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
✅It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
✅It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
✅It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
✅From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
✅In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
#Places_in_news
#prelims
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains