Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant:

✅Location: Situated in Rooppur, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna District.
✅Built by: Constructed by Rosatom, Russia’s state nuclear corporation.
✅River bank: Located along the Padma River.

✅Total capacity: 2.4 GWe.
Comprises two units of VVER-1200 reactors.
✅Expected to become operational by 2025, making it Bangladesh’s first nuclear power plant

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Denali Fault

✅ The Denali Fault in southern Alaska has been a significant factor in shaping Earth’s geological evolution.
✅Tectonic Movement: Over millions of years, horizontal movement along the fault caused a displacement of over 483 km, resulting in the separation of this unified feature
Tectonic Setting: It forms a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
✅The Pacific Plate is actively subducting (sliding under) the North American Plate, leading to immense geological stress and deformation in the region.
✅Seismic Activity: The Denali Fault was the source of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in 2002.

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🔆Bab al-Mandab Strait

✅It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
✅It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
✅It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
✅It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
✅Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.

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🔆Saraswati River

✅The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
✅It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
✅The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
✅The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
🔸The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.

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Science and technology is one of the Subjects which have high weightage, upsc prelims & mains GS 3

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Gomti River

✅It is a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River, flowing entirely through the state of Uttar Pradesh.
✅The Gomti River originates from the Gomat Taal, otherwise called Fulhaar Jheel, which is found near the Madho Tanda in the Pilibhit district in Uttar Pradesh.
✅The river drains the area betweenriver Ramganga and Sharda.
✅It has a length of about 960 km. 
✅The popular Markandey Mahadev Temple is located at the confluence (Sangam) of the rivers Ganga and Gomti. 
✅Major tributaries of the Gomti river include the Sai River, Saryu River, Chowka River etc. 
✅Cities located on the bank of the Gomti river include Lucknow, Sultanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Jaunpur. 
✅The river is polluted at several points due to discharge of industrial waste, sewage, and residential wastewater into the river

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🔆 Red Sea

✅It (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

✅The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.

✅To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).

✅Bordering countries are:
Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen Western shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti.

Tricks - DESSEY

✅D: Djibouti
✅E: Eritrea
✅S: Sudan
✅S: Saudi Arabia
✅E: Egypt
✅Y: Yemen

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Ecuador
✅Location: It is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru.
✅Capital : Quito
✅Highest point: Mount Chimborazo
✅Major Rivers : The Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo.
✅It is known for its diverse and stunning landscapes, which include the vast Amazon jungle, the towering Andean highlands, and the Galápagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its unique wildlife.
✅Ecuador has also been associated with illegal drug trade activities.

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🔆Countries bordering Ukraine

Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi

✅B : Belarus
✅S : Slovakia
✅H : hungry
✅R : Romania
✅M : Moldova
✅R : Russia
✅P : Poland

places in news

✅Donetsk
✅Luhansk
✅Kherson
✅Zaporizhzhia
✅Mariupol
✅Kharkiv
✅Odessa
✅Kyiv
✅Lviv
✅Crimea
✅Snake Island

[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]

✅ Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia

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Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) Link Project:

✅Why in news: An inter-state river-linking project combining the PKC link and Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
✅Launched in: Conceived in 2017 and modified in 2023.
✅Aim: To optimize water resources for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, benefiting people in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
📍Features:
✅Total cost: ₹72,000 crore (90% by the Central Government).
✅Provides 4,100 MCM water to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh.
✅Rivers involved: Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and their tributaries.
📍Chambal River:
✅Origin: Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhya Mountains, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Sipra, and Mej Rivers.
📍Parbati River:
✅Origin: Vindhya Range, Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Kuno, Parwan, and Seep Rivers.
📍Kali Sindh River:
✅Origin: Bagli, Dewas District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Newaj, Ahu, and Parwan Rivers.

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Chalcolithic Cultures

🔆 Mount Etna: Europe's Largest Active Volcano

📍 Location:
✅ Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.

📍 Geological Significance:
✅ It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
✅ Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.

📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
✅ On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
✅ The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.

📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
✅ Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.

📍 Global Connection:
✅ Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.

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🔆 Bay of Biscay: A Key Feature of the North Atlantic

📍 Location
✅ Situated along the western coast of Europe, bordered by France (east) and Spain (south).
✅ Lies between 46°N and 43°N latitude, connected to the North Atlantic Ocean.

📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Size: Triangular-shaped bay, spanning approximately 225,000 km².
✅ Depth: Shallow near the coast; Bay of Biscay Abyssal Plain reaches depths of up to 4,735 meters.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives waters from Loire, Gironde, and Adour in France.

📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Strong Tides: Known for its high tidal ranges and rough seas.
✅ Winter Storms: Frequent storms and powerful waves, especially in the northwestern part.
✅ Marine Life: Rich biodiversity, with whales, dolphins, and seabirds commonly sighted.

📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Navigation: Vital for early maritime trade and fishing activities.
✅ Naval History: Site of major battles during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II.

📍 Economic Importance
✅ Fishing Industry: Historically a major fishing zone, though overfishing has led to reduced stocks.
✅ Port Cities: Key ports like Bordeaux (France) and Bilbao (Spain).

📍 Unique Insights
✅ Underwater Features: Includes submarine canyons like Capbreton Canyon and sedimentary basins.
✅ Climate Impact: Affected by the Gulf Stream, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.
✅ Rare Marine Species: Home to unique cold-water coral ecosystems and rare cetacean species.

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