π Global Distribution of Earthquakes
π Major Seismic Belts
β The circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean is the worldβs greatest earthquake belt. Around 81% of the worldβs largest earthquakes occur here. Known as the βRing of Fireβ.
β The Alpide earthquake belt spreads from Java to Sumatra, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic. It causes about 17% of the worldβs earthquakes.
β The third belt is the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a submerged divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates are spreading apart.
π Seismic Mapping of India
π Seismic Zonation Insights
β About 59% of Indiaβs land area is prone to earthquakes.
β The seismic map classifies India into 4 seismic zones based on intensity.
β Zone V is the most active (Very High Risk), while Zone II is the least active.
β€ Approx. 10.79% in Zone V, 17.49% in Zone IV, 30.79% in Zone III, and 40.93% in Zone II.
#Geography
#disaster_management
π Major Seismic Belts
β The circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean is the worldβs greatest earthquake belt. Around 81% of the worldβs largest earthquakes occur here. Known as the βRing of Fireβ.
β The Alpide earthquake belt spreads from Java to Sumatra, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic. It causes about 17% of the worldβs earthquakes.
β The third belt is the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a submerged divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates are spreading apart.
π Seismic Mapping of India
π Seismic Zonation Insights
β About 59% of Indiaβs land area is prone to earthquakes.
β The seismic map classifies India into 4 seismic zones based on intensity.
β Zone V is the most active (Very High Risk), while Zone II is the least active.
β€ Approx. 10.79% in Zone V, 17.49% in Zone IV, 30.79% in Zone III, and 40.93% in Zone II.
#Geography
#disaster_management
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CAPF-2024-Engl-FR-130625.pdf
132.4 KB
CAPF FINAL RESULTS24
π Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
π Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
π What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
β A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
β Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
β Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
β Hot & destructive**βtraps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
β Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
β οΈ How to Mitigate Lahars?
β Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
β Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
π Lava vs. Magma:
π Magma β Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
π΄ Lava β Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
π Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
π What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
β A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
β Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
β Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
β Hot & destructive**βtraps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
β Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
β οΈ How to Mitigate Lahars?
β Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
β Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
π Lava vs. Magma:
π Magma β Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
π΄ Lava β Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
π Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
π Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
π What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
β A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
β Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
β Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
β Hot & destructive**βtraps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
β Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
β οΈ How to Mitigate Lahars?
β Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
β Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
π Lava vs. Magma:
π Magma β Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
π΄ Lava β Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
π Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
π What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
β A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
β Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
β Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
β Hot & destructive**βtraps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
β Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
β οΈ How to Mitigate Lahars?
β Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
β Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
π Lava vs. Magma:
π Magma β Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
π΄ Lava β Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
π Winter Weather in India: Key Drivers & Effects
π 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
β High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
β Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
β These collide with trade winds β unstable zone forms.
β Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
π 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
β Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
β Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
βπΉ North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
βπΉ South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
β Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
π 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
β Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
β Bring light winter rain β great for wheat crops.
β Tropical cyclones still possible in OctβNov, driven by easterlies.
β Hit east coast states β TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
π 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
β High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
β Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
β These collide with trade winds β unstable zone forms.
β Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
π 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
β Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
β Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
βπΉ North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
βπΉ South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
β Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
π 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
β Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
β Bring light winter rain β great for wheat crops.
β Tropical cyclones still possible in OctβNov, driven by easterlies.
β Hit east coast states β TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
π Effects of Ocean Currents
π Climate Control
β Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
β‘οΈ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
π Rainfall & Deserts
β Warm currents β more rainfall.
β Cold currents β desert formation.
β‘οΈ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
π Fishing Zones
β Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton β rich fish stocks.
β‘οΈ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
π Navigation
β Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
π Temperature Moderation
β Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
β‘οΈ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
π Climate Control
β Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
β‘οΈ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
π Rainfall & Deserts
β Warm currents β more rainfall.
β Cold currents β desert formation.
β‘οΈ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
π Fishing Zones
β Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton β rich fish stocks.
β‘οΈ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
π Navigation
β Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
π Temperature Moderation
β Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
β‘οΈ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
π Why El NiΓ±o Is Hard to Predict
π El NiΓ±o remains a major challenge in climate forecasting due to dynamic ocean-atmosphere interactions
β π ENSO has 3 phases: El NiΓ±o (warm), La NiΓ±a (cool), and neutral.
β π Climate models struggle due to late-emerging ENSO signals (only in early summer).
β π¬οΈ Westerly wind bursts and Indian Ocean anomalies can trigger or dampen ENSO.
β π§ͺ New model: Recharge Oscillator (RO) simulates ENSO as a contest between sea-surface temp & sub-surface heat.
β π Disagreements remain on which ocean basin is most influential in modelling.
#GS1 #Geography #Climate #ENSO #ElNino #Prelims2026 #UPSC #prelims
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π El NiΓ±o remains a major challenge in climate forecasting due to dynamic ocean-atmosphere interactions
β π ENSO has 3 phases: El NiΓ±o (warm), La NiΓ±a (cool), and neutral.
β π Climate models struggle due to late-emerging ENSO signals (only in early summer).
β π¬οΈ Westerly wind bursts and Indian Ocean anomalies can trigger or dampen ENSO.
β π§ͺ New model: Recharge Oscillator (RO) simulates ENSO as a contest between sea-surface temp & sub-surface heat.
β π Disagreements remain on which ocean basin is most influential in modelling.
π Prelims Question:
Which of the following best describes the ENSO phenomenon?
A. Only a Pacific Ocean event
B. Ocean-atmosphere interaction with 3 phases
C. Caused by monsoonal winds
D. Predictable using historical data
Answer: B
π Mains Question (GS1 β Geography):
What makes the prediction of the El NiΓ±o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon difficult? Discuss the implications for global weather forecasting and agriculture.
#GS1 #Geography #Climate #ENSO #ElNino #Prelims2026 #UPSC #prelims
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πMount Lewotobi Laki-laki:
β Location: It is located in Indonesiaβs East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
β It is situated along the famous βRing of Fireβ in the Pacific region.
β It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
β It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, βhusband and wifeβ.
β The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)βs crater is 700 m wide.
β Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
β Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
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β Location: It is located in Indonesiaβs East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
β It is situated along the famous βRing of Fireβ in the Pacific region.
β It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
β It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, βhusband and wifeβ.
β The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)βs crater is 700 m wide.
β Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
β Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
π Koeppenβs Climatic Classification of India
π Key Concepts
β Developed by Wladimir Koeppen β based on annual mean temperature and precipitation
β Links vegetation distribution with climate types
β Uses letter codes to classify major climate zones based on seasonality
π Major Climatic Types in India
β (Am) Monsoon with short dry season β West coast (e.g., Goa)
β (As) Monsoon with dry summer β Coromandel coast
β (Aw) Tropical Savanna β Most of Peninsular India
β (BShw) Semi-arid Steppe β Interior Deccan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, J&K
β (BWhw) Hot Desert β West Rajasthan only
β (Cwg) Monsoon with dry winters β Northern Plains
β (Dfc) Cold-humid winter with short summer β Northeast India
β (E) Polar Climate β Upper Himalayas
β (ET) Tundra Climate β Higher Himalayan ranges, Ladakh
π Utility of the Classification
β Helps in agro-climatic zoning, crop selection, water planning
β Useful for disaster risk reduction, ecological studies, and climate adaptation policies
#Geography
π Key Concepts
β Developed by Wladimir Koeppen β based on annual mean temperature and precipitation
β Links vegetation distribution with climate types
β Uses letter codes to classify major climate zones based on seasonality
π Major Climatic Types in India
β (Am) Monsoon with short dry season β West coast (e.g., Goa)
β (As) Monsoon with dry summer β Coromandel coast
β (Aw) Tropical Savanna β Most of Peninsular India
β (BShw) Semi-arid Steppe β Interior Deccan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, J&K
β (BWhw) Hot Desert β West Rajasthan only
β (Cwg) Monsoon with dry winters β Northern Plains
β (Dfc) Cold-humid winter with short summer β Northeast India
β (E) Polar Climate β Upper Himalayas
β (ET) Tundra Climate β Higher Himalayan ranges, Ladakh
π Utility of the Classification
β Helps in agro-climatic zoning, crop selection, water planning
β Useful for disaster risk reduction, ecological studies, and climate adaptation policies
π Prelims Question
Q. Which of the following climate types in India is represented by Koeppenβs classification code βAwβ?
A. Cold-humid winter with short summer
B. Monsoon with short dry season
C. Tropical Savanna
D. Tundra Climate
Answer: β C. Tropical Savanna
π Mains Question (GS1 β Geography)
Q. Discuss the significance of Koeppenβs climatic classification in understanding Indiaβs climatic diversity. How can it assist in agricultural and water resource planning?
#Geography
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π Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) β Climate Indicator
π Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
β Key Facts
β’ Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
β’ Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
β’ Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
β Significance
β’ Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
β’ A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
π Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
β Key Facts
β’ Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
β’ Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
β’ Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
β Significance
β’ Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
β’ A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
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π External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword
πMigration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
β Positive Impacts
β’ Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
β’ Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
β’ Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
β’ Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
β’ Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
β’ Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens Indiaβs global influence.
β Negative Impacts
β’ Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
β’ Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
β’ Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
β’ Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
β’ Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
β’ Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
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πMigration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
β Positive Impacts
β’ Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
β’ Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
β’ Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
β’ Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
β’ Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
β’ Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens Indiaβs global influence.
β Negative Impacts
β’ Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
β’ Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
β’ Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
β’ Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
β’ Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
β’ Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
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Q.: The average height of the Kosi plain from mean sea level is
Anonymous Quiz
34%
300 m
48%
150 m
15%
30 m
2%
None of the above
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
π India Adds 3,582 km to Coastline & 7 New Islands
πA new reassessment using improved tech has increased Indiaβs official coastline length by ~50%
β Previous coastline (1970s): 7,516 km
β New official length: 11,058.6 km
β Reason: Higher-resolution data (1:25000 map scale vs older 1:45000)
β 3,582 km βaddedβ due to better capture of curves, bends & offshore island coastlines
β 7 new offshore islands identified; total island count now 1,389 (1,298 offshore + 91 inshore)
β Coastline measurement now to be done every 10 years
πState-wise highest coastline
β Gujarat (2,340 km), Andaman & Nicobar (3,083 km), Tamil Nadu (1,068 km)
πImplications
β Better disaster management, CRZ rules, coastal zone protection
β Improved planning for shipping, security, and tourism
β Reclassification will not affect boundaries, only accuracy
#GS1 #Geography #Coastline #Mapping
πA new reassessment using improved tech has increased Indiaβs official coastline length by ~50%
β Previous coastline (1970s): 7,516 km
β New official length: 11,058.6 km
β Reason: Higher-resolution data (1:25000 map scale vs older 1:45000)
β 3,582 km βaddedβ due to better capture of curves, bends & offshore island coastlines
β 7 new offshore islands identified; total island count now 1,389 (1,298 offshore + 91 inshore)
β Coastline measurement now to be done every 10 years
πState-wise highest coastline
β Gujarat (2,340 km), Andaman & Nicobar (3,083 km), Tamil Nadu (1,068 km)
πImplications
β Better disaster management, CRZ rules, coastal zone protection
β Improved planning for shipping, security, and tourism
β Reclassification will not affect boundaries, only accuracy
π Prelims Question:
Which state has the longest coastline in India as per the revised measurements?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Gujarat β
(d) Andhra Pradesh
π Mains Question:
Explain the significance of scientific reassessment of coastline and islands in Indiaβs disaster management and developmental planning.
#GS1 #Geography #Coastline #Mapping
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π Why Large Cities Attract More Migrants than Smaller Towns
π A Developing Country Perspective β UPSC 2024
π Migration is skewed towards big cities due to:
β Diverse & abundant employment in formal/informal sectors
β’ Example: Mumbai & Bengaluru attract rural youth in tech, finance, construction
β Better access to education & healthcare
β’ Example: Delhiβs DU and AIIMS draw families for advancement
β Superior infrastructure & logistics
β’ Example: Metro, airports, 24Γ7 power in Chennai enhance urban appeal
β Urban informal economy absorbs unskilled labor
β’ Example: Bihar & UP migrants work in Mumbaiβs construction/domestic sectors
β Presence of migrant networks & support systems
β’ Example: Malayali migrants in Kochi facilitate Gulf migration links
β Urban aspirations & perceived mobility
β’ Example: Media portrayals of progress create a strong βpull effectβ
#GS1 #geography
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π A Developing Country Perspective β UPSC 2024
π Migration is skewed towards big cities due to:
β Diverse & abundant employment in formal/informal sectors
β’ Example: Mumbai & Bengaluru attract rural youth in tech, finance, construction
β Better access to education & healthcare
β’ Example: Delhiβs DU and AIIMS draw families for advancement
β Superior infrastructure & logistics
β’ Example: Metro, airports, 24Γ7 power in Chennai enhance urban appeal
β Urban informal economy absorbs unskilled labor
β’ Example: Bihar & UP migrants work in Mumbaiβs construction/domestic sectors
β Presence of migrant networks & support systems
β’ Example: Malayali migrants in Kochi facilitate Gulf migration links
β Urban aspirations & perceived mobility
β’ Example: Media portrayals of progress create a strong βpull effectβ
ο»Ώ
π Mains GS1 Question
Explain the economic and socio-cultural factors that make large Indian cities preferred migration destinations compared to smaller towns.
#GS1 #geography
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π Coastal Landforms β UPSC Notes
π Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
β Erosional Landforms
β€ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
β€ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
β€ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands β grow into arches β collapse into stacks β eroded into stumps.
β Depositional Landforms
β€ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
β€ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
β Significance of Coastal Landforms
β€ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
β€ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
β Threats of Coastal Erosion
β€ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of Indiaβs coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
β€ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
β Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
β€ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
β€ Installing Geo-tubes
β€ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
π Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
β Erosional Landforms
β€ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
β€ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
β€ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands β grow into arches β collapse into stacks β eroded into stumps.
β Depositional Landforms
β€ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
β€ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
β Significance of Coastal Landforms
β€ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
β€ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
β Threats of Coastal Erosion
β€ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of Indiaβs coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
β€ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
β Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
β€ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
β€ Installing Geo-tubes
β€ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
π Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?
(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
β Ans: (c) Lagoon
π Mains Q (GS1 β Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting Indiaβs coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation