Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CSP-2025-WR-NameList-Engl-110625.pdf
2 MB
Name Wise 2025 Pre
🔆 Rain-Bearing Systems
📍 Arabian Sea Branch
✅ Divides into three streams:
• Western Coast: Heavy rainfall (250 cm) due to orographic effect.
• Narmada-Tapi troughs: Narrow valley system in central India.
• Aravalli Range: Minimal rainfall impact.
📍 Bay of Bengal Branch
✅ Splits into two streams:
• Ganga-Brahmaputra delta: Heavy rainfall, Cherrapunji (1,221 cm) holds record.
• Himalayan foothills: Deflected by mountains, widespread rainfall to Ganges Plain.
📍 Monsoon Break
✅ Dry spells during monsoon, known as break in monsoon, common after a few days of rain.
📍 Retreat in Monsoon
✅ Withdrawal of monsoon winds, known as retreating monsoon, occurs in October-November.
#Geography
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📍 Arabian Sea Branch
✅ Divides into three streams:
• Western Coast: Heavy rainfall (250 cm) due to orographic effect.
• Narmada-Tapi troughs: Narrow valley system in central India.
• Aravalli Range: Minimal rainfall impact.
📍 Bay of Bengal Branch
✅ Splits into two streams:
• Ganga-Brahmaputra delta: Heavy rainfall, Cherrapunji (1,221 cm) holds record.
• Himalayan foothills: Deflected by mountains, widespread rainfall to Ganges Plain.
📍 Monsoon Break
✅ Dry spells during monsoon, known as break in monsoon, common after a few days of rain.
📍 Retreat in Monsoon
✅ Withdrawal of monsoon winds, known as retreating monsoon, occurs in October-November.
#Geography
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🔆 Global Distribution of Earthquakes
📍 Major Seismic Belts
✅ The circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean is the world’s greatest earthquake belt. Around 81% of the world’s largest earthquakes occur here. Known as the “Ring of Fire”.
✅ The Alpide earthquake belt spreads from Java to Sumatra, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic. It causes about 17% of the world’s earthquakes.
✅ The third belt is the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a submerged divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates are spreading apart.
🔆 Seismic Mapping of India
📍 Seismic Zonation Insights
✅ About 59% of India’s land area is prone to earthquakes.
✅ The seismic map classifies India into 4 seismic zones based on intensity.
✅ Zone V is the most active (Very High Risk), while Zone II is the least active.
➤ Approx. 10.79% in Zone V, 17.49% in Zone IV, 30.79% in Zone III, and 40.93% in Zone II.
#Geography
#disaster_management
📍 Major Seismic Belts
✅ The circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean is the world’s greatest earthquake belt. Around 81% of the world’s largest earthquakes occur here. Known as the “Ring of Fire”.
✅ The Alpide earthquake belt spreads from Java to Sumatra, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic. It causes about 17% of the world’s earthquakes.
✅ The third belt is the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a submerged divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates are spreading apart.
🔆 Seismic Mapping of India
📍 Seismic Zonation Insights
✅ About 59% of India’s land area is prone to earthquakes.
✅ The seismic map classifies India into 4 seismic zones based on intensity.
✅ Zone V is the most active (Very High Risk), while Zone II is the least active.
➤ Approx. 10.79% in Zone V, 17.49% in Zone IV, 30.79% in Zone III, and 40.93% in Zone II.
#Geography
#disaster_management
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CAPF-2024-Engl-FR-130625.pdf
132.4 KB
CAPF FINAL RESULTS24
🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
🔆 Winter Weather in India: Key Drivers & Effects
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
✅ Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
✅ These collide with trade winds → unstable zone forms.
✅ Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
✅ Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
🔹 North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
🔹 South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
✅ Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
📍 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
✅ Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
✅ Bring light winter rain → great for wheat crops.
✅ Tropical cyclones still possible in Oct–Nov, driven by easterlies.
✅ Hit east coast states – TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
✅ Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
✅ These collide with trade winds → unstable zone forms.
✅ Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
✅ Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
🔹 North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
🔹 South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
✅ Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
📍 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
✅ Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
✅ Bring light winter rain → great for wheat crops.
✅ Tropical cyclones still possible in Oct–Nov, driven by easterlies.
✅ Hit east coast states – TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
🔆 Effects of Ocean Currents
📍 Climate Control
✅ Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
➡️ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
📍 Rainfall & Deserts
✅ Warm currents → more rainfall.
✅ Cold currents → desert formation.
➡️ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
📍 Fishing Zones
✅ Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton → rich fish stocks.
➡️ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
📍 Navigation
✅ Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
📍 Temperature Moderation
✅ Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
➡️ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
📍 Climate Control
✅ Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
➡️ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
📍 Rainfall & Deserts
✅ Warm currents → more rainfall.
✅ Cold currents → desert formation.
➡️ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
📍 Fishing Zones
✅ Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton → rich fish stocks.
➡️ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
📍 Navigation
✅ Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
📍 Temperature Moderation
✅ Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
➡️ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
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🔆Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki:
✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
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✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
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🔆 Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) – Climate Indicator
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
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🔆 External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword
📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
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📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
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Q.: The average height of the Kosi plain from mean sea level is
Anonymous Quiz
32%
300 m
52%
150 m
13%
30 m
3%
None of the above
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
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