🔆 Musi River (Telangana)
📍 About
✅ Major tributary of Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau.
✅ Also known as Muchukunda, Moosa, Musunuru.
✅ Total length: 250 km.
📍 Origin & Tributaries
✅ Originates in Anantagiri Hills, Vikarabad district (~90 km west of Hyderabad).
✅ Formed by Esi & Musa tributaries, meeting at Tipu Khan Bridge Sangam.
📍 Course & Confluence
✅ Flows eastward through Hyderabad, historically dividing Old City & New City.
✅ Heritage corridor: passes Charminar, Purana Pul, Afzal Gunj.
✅ Joins Krishna River near Wazirabad, Nalgonda district.
📍 Dams & Irrigation
✅ Osman Sagar (1920) & Himayat Sagar (1927) are key reservoirs.
✅ 24 diversion weirs (kathwas) used for irrigation.
📍 Importance
✅ Supports urban development, irrigation, and preserves heritage landscape of Telangana.
✅ Mains Question:
Discuss the socio-economic and ecological significance of the Musi River in Telangana. How has urbanisation impacted its course and health?
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 About
✅ Major tributary of Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau.
✅ Also known as Muchukunda, Moosa, Musunuru.
✅ Total length: 250 km.
📍 Origin & Tributaries
✅ Originates in Anantagiri Hills, Vikarabad district (~90 km west of Hyderabad).
✅ Formed by Esi & Musa tributaries, meeting at Tipu Khan Bridge Sangam.
📍 Course & Confluence
✅ Flows eastward through Hyderabad, historically dividing Old City & New City.
✅ Heritage corridor: passes Charminar, Purana Pul, Afzal Gunj.
✅ Joins Krishna River near Wazirabad, Nalgonda district.
📍 Dams & Irrigation
✅ Osman Sagar (1920) & Himayat Sagar (1927) are key reservoirs.
✅ 24 diversion weirs (kathwas) used for irrigation.
📍 Importance
✅ Supports urban development, irrigation, and preserves heritage landscape of Telangana.
✅ Mains Question:
Discuss the socio-economic and ecological significance of the Musi River in Telangana. How has urbanisation impacted its course and health?
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Cyclone Shakti: Severe Cyclonic Storm over Arabian Sea (2025)
📍 Classification:
✅ Cyclone Shakti was classified as a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with wind speeds of 130–145 km/h.
✅ It formed over the east-central Arabian Sea, serving as a key case for studying tropical cyclone dynamics — oceanic heat, Coriolis force, and atmospheric instability.
📍 Naming:
✅ The name “Shakti”, meaning power and resilience, was proposed by Sri Lanka under the WMO–ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones.
✅ Cyclone names are drawn from lists submitted by 13 member countries (including India, Bangladesh, Oman, Myanmar, etc.) to enhance clarity in communication and disaster management.
📍 Formation Mechanism:
✅ Warm sea surface temperatures (>27°C) provided latent heat for convection.
✅ Low pressure formed at the surface; Coriolis effect induced rotation.
✅ Upper-level outflow maintained structure, while low wind shear over the Arabian Sea (Oct 2025) aided intensification into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.
📍 Climatic Background:
✅ Arabian Sea cyclones are rising in frequency and intensity due to warming trends — India’s mean temperature has risen by ~1.2°C since 1901 (CSE, 2017).
✅ Reduced vertical wind shear and higher moisture transport from the equatorial zone support cyclone formation along India’s west coast.
📍 Geographical Path:
✅ Formed near 21°N, 66.8°E, around 270 km southwest of Naliya, 300 km east of Porbandar, and 360 km south of Karachi (as of Oct 3, 2025).
✅ Moved northwestward under subtropical westerly influence, a typical post-monsoon trajectory.
✅ The Arabian Sea’s semi-enclosed basin traps heat and moisture, making it increasingly cyclone-prone.
#CycloneShakti #environment #Geography
📍 Classification:
✅ Cyclone Shakti was classified as a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with wind speeds of 130–145 km/h.
✅ It formed over the east-central Arabian Sea, serving as a key case for studying tropical cyclone dynamics — oceanic heat, Coriolis force, and atmospheric instability.
📍 Naming:
✅ The name “Shakti”, meaning power and resilience, was proposed by Sri Lanka under the WMO–ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones.
✅ Cyclone names are drawn from lists submitted by 13 member countries (including India, Bangladesh, Oman, Myanmar, etc.) to enhance clarity in communication and disaster management.
📍 Formation Mechanism:
✅ Warm sea surface temperatures (>27°C) provided latent heat for convection.
✅ Low pressure formed at the surface; Coriolis effect induced rotation.
✅ Upper-level outflow maintained structure, while low wind shear over the Arabian Sea (Oct 2025) aided intensification into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.
📍 Climatic Background:
✅ Arabian Sea cyclones are rising in frequency and intensity due to warming trends — India’s mean temperature has risen by ~1.2°C since 1901 (CSE, 2017).
✅ Reduced vertical wind shear and higher moisture transport from the equatorial zone support cyclone formation along India’s west coast.
📍 Geographical Path:
✅ Formed near 21°N, 66.8°E, around 270 km southwest of Naliya, 300 km east of Porbandar, and 360 km south of Karachi (as of Oct 3, 2025).
✅ Moved northwestward under subtropical westerly influence, a typical post-monsoon trajectory.
✅ The Arabian Sea’s semi-enclosed basin traps heat and moisture, making it increasingly cyclone-prone.
#CycloneShakti #environment #Geography
🔆 Sir Creek Dispute: Renewed Strategic Tensions Between India and Pakistan
📍 Context
✅ The Sir Creek dispute has resurfaced after India cautioned Pakistan over expanding military infrastructure near the area.
✅ Defence Minister Rajnath Singh warned that any misadventure would invite a decisive response from India.
📍 Geographical Context
✅ Sir Creek is a 96-km-long tidal estuary in the Rann of Kutch, lying between Gujarat (India) and Sindh (Pakistan).
✅ It is a marshy, uninhabited, and ecologically sensitive zone — difficult to patrol and rich in biodiversity.
📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Crucial for Pakistan’s defence of Karachi, its largest port city.
✅ Enables India to monitor cross-border movement, prevent smuggling and infiltration, and secure its western coastline.
✅ The creek influences EEZ delimitation in the Arabian Sea, impacting control over marine and mineral resources.
📍 Economic Significance
✅ Potential oil and gas reserves make it economically valuable for both nations.
✅ Supports fishing communities in Gujarat and Sindh; frequent arrests occur when fishermen unknowingly cross maritime boundaries.
📍 Origins & Boundary Dispute
✅ The dispute began pre-independence between the rulers of Kutch and Sindh over boundary demarcation.
✅ Post the 1965 Indo-Pak war, Pakistan claimed part of the Rann of Kutch.
✅ The 1968 tribunal awarded 90% of the Rann to India but left Sir Creek unresolved.
✅ Pakistan’s claim: boundary lies along the eastern bank (entire creek theirs).
✅ India’s claim: boundary lies mid-channel under the Thalweg principle (if navigable).
✅ Disagreement persists on whether the creek is navigable or not.
📍 Diplomatic Efforts & Current Status
✅ Bilateral talks held in 1989, 1990–91, 1998, and 2012, but no breakthrough.
✅ 1998: Sir Creek Working Group formed. India insists on bilateral resolution under the Simla Agreement (1972).
✅ Talks resumed in 2015 under the Comprehensive Bilateral Dialogue, but stalled after the Pathankot attack (2016) due to continued cross-border terrorism.
📍 Current Relevance
✅ The dispute has both security and economic dimensions, and any escalation threatens maritime stability in the Arabian Sea.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss the strategic and economic implications of the Sir Creek dispute between India and Pakistan. Why has the issue remained unresolved despite multiple bilateral efforts?
#IndiaPakistanRelations #MaritimeSecurity
📍 Context
✅ The Sir Creek dispute has resurfaced after India cautioned Pakistan over expanding military infrastructure near the area.
✅ Defence Minister Rajnath Singh warned that any misadventure would invite a decisive response from India.
📍 Geographical Context
✅ Sir Creek is a 96-km-long tidal estuary in the Rann of Kutch, lying between Gujarat (India) and Sindh (Pakistan).
✅ It is a marshy, uninhabited, and ecologically sensitive zone — difficult to patrol and rich in biodiversity.
📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Crucial for Pakistan’s defence of Karachi, its largest port city.
✅ Enables India to monitor cross-border movement, prevent smuggling and infiltration, and secure its western coastline.
✅ The creek influences EEZ delimitation in the Arabian Sea, impacting control over marine and mineral resources.
📍 Economic Significance
✅ Potential oil and gas reserves make it economically valuable for both nations.
✅ Supports fishing communities in Gujarat and Sindh; frequent arrests occur when fishermen unknowingly cross maritime boundaries.
📍 Origins & Boundary Dispute
✅ The dispute began pre-independence between the rulers of Kutch and Sindh over boundary demarcation.
✅ Post the 1965 Indo-Pak war, Pakistan claimed part of the Rann of Kutch.
✅ The 1968 tribunal awarded 90% of the Rann to India but left Sir Creek unresolved.
✅ Pakistan’s claim: boundary lies along the eastern bank (entire creek theirs).
✅ India’s claim: boundary lies mid-channel under the Thalweg principle (if navigable).
✅ Disagreement persists on whether the creek is navigable or not.
📍 Diplomatic Efforts & Current Status
✅ Bilateral talks held in 1989, 1990–91, 1998, and 2012, but no breakthrough.
✅ 1998: Sir Creek Working Group formed. India insists on bilateral resolution under the Simla Agreement (1972).
✅ Talks resumed in 2015 under the Comprehensive Bilateral Dialogue, but stalled after the Pathankot attack (2016) due to continued cross-border terrorism.
📍 Current Relevance
✅ The dispute has both security and economic dimensions, and any escalation threatens maritime stability in the Arabian Sea.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss the strategic and economic implications of the Sir Creek dispute between India and Pakistan. Why has the issue remained unresolved despite multiple bilateral efforts?
#IndiaPakistanRelations #MaritimeSecurity
North Kivu, seen in the news recently, is located in
Anonymous Quiz
29%
a) South Sudan
34%
b) Sudan
12%
c) Nigeria
25%
d) Democratic Republic of Congo
🔆 Strait of Hormuz: Key Facts
📍 Location
✅ A strategic maritime chokepoint linking the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
✅ Narrowest width: 33 km, it is the busiest global energy transit route.
📍 Bordering Nations
✅ Iran, UAE, and Oman (Musandam exclave).
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Key islands: Qishm, Hormuz, Hengam, important for military and naval strategy.
📍 Global Significance
✅ Energy Lifeline:
• 20% of global oil trade (~20 million barrels/day).
• 30% of global LNG trade, primarily from Qatar.
✅ Strategic Chokepoint: Vulnerable to blockades, cyberattacks, and accidents.
📍 Relevance to India
✅ 85% of India’s crude oil imports pass through this route.
✅ 50% of India’s LNG imports come via this route, with Qatar supplying ~80%.
✅ India’s Operation Sankalp ensures naval security, escorting Indian vessels amidst regional tensions.
#StraitOfHormuz
#Geography
📍 Location
✅ A strategic maritime chokepoint linking the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
✅ Narrowest width: 33 km, it is the busiest global energy transit route.
📍 Bordering Nations
✅ Iran, UAE, and Oman (Musandam exclave).
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Key islands: Qishm, Hormuz, Hengam, important for military and naval strategy.
📍 Global Significance
✅ Energy Lifeline:
• 20% of global oil trade (~20 million barrels/day).
• 30% of global LNG trade, primarily from Qatar.
✅ Strategic Chokepoint: Vulnerable to blockades, cyberattacks, and accidents.
📍 Relevance to India
✅ 85% of India’s crude oil imports pass through this route.
✅ 50% of India’s LNG imports come via this route, with Qatar supplying ~80%.
✅ India’s Operation Sankalp ensures naval security, escorting Indian vessels amidst regional tensions.
#StraitOfHormuz
#Geography
🔆 Myanmar: Key Facts
📍 Capital: Nay Pyi Taw
📍 Update: Myanmar military conducted airstrikes on protesters.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Located in western mainland Southeast Asia.
✅ Borders: China (N, NE), Laos (E), Thailand (SE), Bangladesh (W), India (NW).
✅ Water Bodies: Andaman Sea (S), Bay of Bengal (SW).
⛰️ Geographical Features:
✅ Mountains: Rakhine, Shan Plateau, Dawna, Tenasserim ranges.
✅ Highest Peak: Mount Hkakabo Razi.
✅ Rivers: Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittang, Salween, Yangon.
#Geography #cse
📍 Capital: Nay Pyi Taw
📍 Update: Myanmar military conducted airstrikes on protesters.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Located in western mainland Southeast Asia.
✅ Borders: China (N, NE), Laos (E), Thailand (SE), Bangladesh (W), India (NW).
✅ Water Bodies: Andaman Sea (S), Bay of Bengal (SW).
⛰️ Geographical Features:
✅ Mountains: Rakhine, Shan Plateau, Dawna, Tenasserim ranges.
✅ Highest Peak: Mount Hkakabo Razi.
✅ Rivers: Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittang, Salween, Yangon.
#Geography #cse
🔆 Sir Bani Yas Island (UAE)
📍 Overview
✅ Located off the coast of Abu Dhabi, UAE.
✅ A global model for eco-tourism and wildlife conservation.
📍 Key Facts
✅ Home to endangered species — Arabian Oryx, cheetahs, giraffes, and gazelles.
✅ Declared a protected reserve by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
✅ Focuses on reforestation and environmental restoration.
✅ Popular for safaris, birdwatching, and heritage tourism.
✅ Supports UAE’s sustainable development and biodiversity goals.
✅ Symbol of balancing economic growth with ecological protection.
#Geography
📍 Overview
✅ Located off the coast of Abu Dhabi, UAE.
✅ A global model for eco-tourism and wildlife conservation.
📍 Key Facts
✅ Home to endangered species — Arabian Oryx, cheetahs, giraffes, and gazelles.
✅ Declared a protected reserve by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
✅ Focuses on reforestation and environmental restoration.
✅ Popular for safaris, birdwatching, and heritage tourism.
✅ Supports UAE’s sustainable development and biodiversity goals.
✅ Symbol of balancing economic growth with ecological protection.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
🔆 India–Kyrgyz Republic Cooperation on Counterterrorism & Security
✅ Recent Development:
India and the Kyrgyz Republic agreed to enhance cooperation on counterterrorism, regional security, defence, and capacity building, reaffirming shared commitment to peace and stability in Central Asia.
📍 About Kyrgyzstan
✅ Capital: Bishkek
✅ Location: Landlocked nation in Central Asia
✅ Borders: Kazakhstan (N), China (E), Tajikistan (S), Uzbekistan (W)
✅ Independence: Declared on 31 August 1991 after breakup of the U.S.S.R.
📍 Geographical Highlights
✅ Major Mountain Ranges: Tien Shan, Kok Shaal-Tau, Alay, Trans-Alay
✅ Highest Peak: Victory (Pobedy) Peak – 7,439 m
✅ Major Rivers: Naryn, Chu, Syr Darya
✅ Major Lake: Issyk-Kul (Ysyk Lake) – one of the world’s largest mountain lakes
📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Key partner in India–Central Asia Dialogue and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
✅ Cooperation strengthens India’s outreach in Eurasian security and counterterrorism frameworks.
#Geography
https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
✅ Recent Development:
India and the Kyrgyz Republic agreed to enhance cooperation on counterterrorism, regional security, defence, and capacity building, reaffirming shared commitment to peace and stability in Central Asia.
📍 About Kyrgyzstan
✅ Capital: Bishkek
✅ Location: Landlocked nation in Central Asia
✅ Borders: Kazakhstan (N), China (E), Tajikistan (S), Uzbekistan (W)
✅ Independence: Declared on 31 August 1991 after breakup of the U.S.S.R.
📍 Geographical Highlights
✅ Major Mountain Ranges: Tien Shan, Kok Shaal-Tau, Alay, Trans-Alay
✅ Highest Peak: Victory (Pobedy) Peak – 7,439 m
✅ Major Rivers: Naryn, Chu, Syr Darya
✅ Major Lake: Issyk-Kul (Ysyk Lake) – one of the world’s largest mountain lakes
📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Key partner in India–Central Asia Dialogue and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
✅ Cooperation strengthens India’s outreach in Eurasian security and counterterrorism frameworks.
#Geography
https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Northeast Monsoon Arrives Early
📍 Context:
The northeast monsoon set in on Oct 16 (normal: Oct 20 ± 7 days), bringing relief to Tamil Nadu & coastal Andhra Pradesh.
✅ Key Facts:
• IMD predicts above-normal rainfall (112% of LPA).
• Tamil Nadu gets 48%, Andhra Pradesh 30%+ of annual rain from it.
• Higher risk of cyclones, cloudbursts, urban floods—esp. in Chennai.
• Real-time flood forecast system being set up by Tamil Nadu govt.
• Fertiliser (urea) shortage persists; demand rose to 36.65 lakh tonnes.
📍 Focus:
🌧️ Flood readiness
🌾 Fertiliser supply
🤝 Coordination across agencies
✨ #NortheastMonsoon #DisasterPreparedness
📍 Context:
The northeast monsoon set in on Oct 16 (normal: Oct 20 ± 7 days), bringing relief to Tamil Nadu & coastal Andhra Pradesh.
✅ Key Facts:
• IMD predicts above-normal rainfall (112% of LPA).
• Tamil Nadu gets 48%, Andhra Pradesh 30%+ of annual rain from it.
• Higher risk of cyclones, cloudbursts, urban floods—esp. in Chennai.
• Real-time flood forecast system being set up by Tamil Nadu govt.
• Fertiliser (urea) shortage persists; demand rose to 36.65 lakh tonnes.
📍 Focus:
🌧️ Flood readiness
🌾 Fertiliser supply
🤝 Coordination across agencies
✨ #NortheastMonsoon #DisasterPreparedness
🔆 Philippines – Earthquake & Key Facts
📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”
📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.
#Geography
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”
📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.
#Geography
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Centre Withdraws Approval for Animal Protein-Based Biostimulants
📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.
📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.
#Geography #cse #mains
📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.
📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.
#Geography #cse #mains
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO Anmol vachan
EPFO Final Push – 35 Days Left
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@muskann_1506
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🔆 Venezuela 🇻🇪 (Capital – Caracas)
📍 Context
✅ Venezuela has deployed troops along the Colombian border after US naval strikes on alleged drug-carrying Venezuelan boats.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Northern tip of South America.
✅ Boundaries:
• North: Caribbean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
• East: Guyana
• South: Brazil
• West: Colombia
✅ Administers Caribbean islands, including La Orchila.
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Climate: Hot, humid tropical, moderate in highlands.
✅ Major Rivers & Water Bodies:
• Orinoco River – flows into Atlantic Ocean
• Rio Negro – drains into Amazon River
• Lake Maracaibo – largest lake in South America
✅ Angel Falls – world’s highest waterfall on Churún River.
✅ Holds world’s largest oil reserves and major natural gas deposits.
#Geography
📍 Context
✅ Venezuela has deployed troops along the Colombian border after US naval strikes on alleged drug-carrying Venezuelan boats.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Northern tip of South America.
✅ Boundaries:
• North: Caribbean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
• East: Guyana
• South: Brazil
• West: Colombia
✅ Administers Caribbean islands, including La Orchila.
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Climate: Hot, humid tropical, moderate in highlands.
✅ Major Rivers & Water Bodies:
• Orinoco River – flows into Atlantic Ocean
• Rio Negro – drains into Amazon River
• Lake Maracaibo – largest lake in South America
✅ Angel Falls – world’s highest waterfall on Churún River.
✅ Holds world’s largest oil reserves and major natural gas deposits.
#Geography
🔆 Typhoon Ragasa: The Year’s Strongest Storm
📍 About Typhoon Ragasa
✅ Super Typhoon Ragasa, locally known as “Nando,” is one of the most powerful tropical cyclones of 2024.
✅ It affected Luzon (Philippines), Taiwan, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, before weakening into a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam.
✅ It formed over the warm waters of the western Pacific, moving through the Luzon Strait toward southern China.
✅ Classified as a Category 5 super typhoon, Ragasa recorded sustained winds of 280 km/h, nearing the maximum intensity possible for storms on Earth.
📍 Why Was Ragasa So Intense?
✅ Rising global temperatures have made tropical cyclones more powerful, with the Pacific Ocean warming by 1.5°C in the past century.
✅ Storms in Southeast Asia are forming closer to coastlines, intensifying faster, and lasting longer.
✅ Warm ocean waters and a track over open seas helped Ragasa maintain its strength without losing energy over land.
📍 About Super Typhoons
✅ Super typhoons are powerful Pacific tropical cyclones with sustained winds above 150 mph (240 km/h).
✅ They form from tropical disturbances over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
✅ Common in the Western Pacific, near China, Japan, and the Philippines.
📍 About Tropical Cyclones
✅ A tropical cyclone is a warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical waters with an organized circulation.
✅ The storm’s “dirty side” (right side in the Northern Hemisphere) is usually more destructive due to stronger combined winds.
✅ Formation Process:
1️⃣ Warm, moist air rises over the ocean, creating a low-pressure zone.
2️⃣ Surrounding air rushes in, also warming and rising.
3️⃣ Condensation forms clouds and thunderstorms, releasing heat.
4️⃣ The storm system strengthens using the ocean’s heat and moisture.
📍 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
• Category 1: 74–95 mph – Minimal damage
• Category 2: 96–110 mph – Moderate damage
• Category 3: 111–129 mph – Major hurricane
• Category 4: 130–156 mph – Catastrophic damage
• Category 5: ≥157 mph – Devastating damage
📍 Classification of Tropical Systems
✅ Tropical Depression: Winds <63 km/h
✅ Tropical Storm: Winds 63–118 km/h
✅ Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone: Winds ≥119 km/h
📍 Current Status (2024)
🌧️ Ragasa has weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam, but continues to bring heavy rainfall to northern provinces.
#TyphoonRagasa #ClimateChange
#Geography
📍 About Typhoon Ragasa
✅ Super Typhoon Ragasa, locally known as “Nando,” is one of the most powerful tropical cyclones of 2024.
✅ It affected Luzon (Philippines), Taiwan, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, before weakening into a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam.
✅ It formed over the warm waters of the western Pacific, moving through the Luzon Strait toward southern China.
✅ Classified as a Category 5 super typhoon, Ragasa recorded sustained winds of 280 km/h, nearing the maximum intensity possible for storms on Earth.
📍 Why Was Ragasa So Intense?
✅ Rising global temperatures have made tropical cyclones more powerful, with the Pacific Ocean warming by 1.5°C in the past century.
✅ Storms in Southeast Asia are forming closer to coastlines, intensifying faster, and lasting longer.
✅ Warm ocean waters and a track over open seas helped Ragasa maintain its strength without losing energy over land.
📍 About Super Typhoons
✅ Super typhoons are powerful Pacific tropical cyclones with sustained winds above 150 mph (240 km/h).
✅ They form from tropical disturbances over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
✅ Common in the Western Pacific, near China, Japan, and the Philippines.
📍 About Tropical Cyclones
✅ A tropical cyclone is a warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical waters with an organized circulation.
✅ The storm’s “dirty side” (right side in the Northern Hemisphere) is usually more destructive due to stronger combined winds.
✅ Formation Process:
1️⃣ Warm, moist air rises over the ocean, creating a low-pressure zone.
2️⃣ Surrounding air rushes in, also warming and rising.
3️⃣ Condensation forms clouds and thunderstorms, releasing heat.
4️⃣ The storm system strengthens using the ocean’s heat and moisture.
📍 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
• Category 1: 74–95 mph – Minimal damage
• Category 2: 96–110 mph – Moderate damage
• Category 3: 111–129 mph – Major hurricane
• Category 4: 130–156 mph – Catastrophic damage
• Category 5: ≥157 mph – Devastating damage
📍 Classification of Tropical Systems
✅ Tropical Depression: Winds <63 km/h
✅ Tropical Storm: Winds 63–118 km/h
✅ Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone: Winds ≥119 km/h
📍 Current Status (2024)
🌧️ Ragasa has weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam, but continues to bring heavy rainfall to northern provinces.
#TyphoonRagasa #ClimateChange
#Geography
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Prelims 15-20 que, mains 100-150 marks
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Prelims 15-20 que, mains 100-150 marks