Pretransplant nephrectomy in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
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Position of the thyroid gland in the neck
The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland. It is in the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus.
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck and spans the C5-T1 vertebrae. It consists of two lobes (left and right), which are connected by a central isthmus anteriorly – this produces a butterfly-shape appearance. The lobes of the thyroid gland are wrapped around the cricoid cartilage and superior rings of the trachea. The gland is located within the visceral compartment of the neck (along with the trachea, oesophagus and pharynx). This compartment is bound by the pretracheal fascia.
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The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland. It is in the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus.
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck and spans the C5-T1 vertebrae. It consists of two lobes (left and right), which are connected by a central isthmus anteriorly – this produces a butterfly-shape appearance. The lobes of the thyroid gland are wrapped around the cricoid cartilage and superior rings of the trachea. The gland is located within the visceral compartment of the neck (along with the trachea, oesophagus and pharynx). This compartment is bound by the pretracheal fascia.
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Right renal angiogram
Right renal arteriography showing the renal artery and its main branches free from thrombus
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Right renal arteriography showing the renal artery and its main branches free from thrombus
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Normal tympanic membrane
The eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea. Hence, it ultimately converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.
The tympanic membrane is oriented obliquely in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and superoinferior planes. Consequently, its superoposterior end lies lateral to its anteroinferior end.
Anatomically, it relates superiorly to the middle cranial fossa, posteriorly to the ossicles and facial nerve, inferiorly to the parotid gland, and anteriorly to the temporomandibular joint.
The eardrum is divided into two general regions: the pars flaccida and the pars tensa.
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The eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea. Hence, it ultimately converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.
The tympanic membrane is oriented obliquely in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and superoinferior planes. Consequently, its superoposterior end lies lateral to its anteroinferior end.
Anatomically, it relates superiorly to the middle cranial fossa, posteriorly to the ossicles and facial nerve, inferiorly to the parotid gland, and anteriorly to the temporomandibular joint.
The eardrum is divided into two general regions: the pars flaccida and the pars tensa.
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Common brain lesions on FLAIR MRI
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is an MRI sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions.
The FLAIR sequence analysis has been especially useful in the evaluation and study of CNS disorders, involving:
● Lacunar infarction
● Multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques
● Subarachnoid haemorrhage
● Head trauma
● Meningitis and other leptomeningeal diseases
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Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is an MRI sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions.
The FLAIR sequence analysis has been especially useful in the evaluation and study of CNS disorders, involving:
● Lacunar infarction
● Multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques
● Subarachnoid haemorrhage
● Head trauma
● Meningitis and other leptomeningeal diseases
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The circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures.
The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries:
● Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Anterior communicating artery
● Internal carotid artery (left and right)
● Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
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The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries:
● Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Anterior communicating artery
● Internal carotid artery (left and right)
● Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
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Raindrop skull In multiple myeloma
The raindrop skull appearance of calvarial multiple myeloma is the presence of multiple, well-defined lytic lesions (punched out lesions) of various size scattered throughout the skull. This term is applied as an analogy to rain hitting a surface and splashing, where it leaves a random pattern of dark spots.
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The raindrop skull appearance of calvarial multiple myeloma is the presence of multiple, well-defined lytic lesions (punched out lesions) of various size scattered throughout the skull. This term is applied as an analogy to rain hitting a surface and splashing, where it leaves a random pattern of dark spots.
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Peripheral blood smear showing an adorable blood cell with a heart-shaped nucleus
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Normal intervertebral disc (Top) vs. Degenerated intervertebral disc (bottom)
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Toxic megacolon in a patient with ulcerative colitis.
The patient subsequently underwent a colectomy.
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The patient subsequently underwent a colectomy.
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