Forwarded from UPSC History
🚩 Foreign Invasions Before Mauryan Empire
🛡️ Iranian (Persian) Invasion (550 - 330 BCE)
• Cyrus the Great (558 - 530 BCE): First foreign invader, captured Gandhara.
• Darius I (522 - 486 BCE): Annexed Sind, Punjab, NWFP (516 BCE), making Gandhara a Persian satrapy.
• Xerxes (486 - 465 BCE): Recruited Indian troops but failed to expand further.
• Decline (330 BCE): Darius III lost control of Indian territories after Alexander’s invasion.
🌐 Impact of Persian Invasion
• Political: Exposed India’s military weakness, influenced administrative structures.
• Trade & Economy: Opened Indus-Arabian Sea trade routes and introduced Persian coinage techniques.
• Culture: Kharoshthi script evolved from Persian Aramaic; Persian masonry influenced Mauryan art.
🛡️ Iranian (Persian) Invasion (550 - 330 BCE)
• Cyrus the Great (558 - 530 BCE): First foreign invader, captured Gandhara.
• Darius I (522 - 486 BCE): Annexed Sind, Punjab, NWFP (516 BCE), making Gandhara a Persian satrapy.
• Xerxes (486 - 465 BCE): Recruited Indian troops but failed to expand further.
• Decline (330 BCE): Darius III lost control of Indian territories after Alexander’s invasion.
🌐 Impact of Persian Invasion
• Political: Exposed India’s military weakness, influenced administrative structures.
• Trade & Economy: Opened Indus-Arabian Sea trade routes and introduced Persian coinage techniques.
• Culture: Kharoshthi script evolved from Persian Aramaic; Persian masonry influenced Mauryan art.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims 2026
🔆 India Launches Operation Sindhu
📍 What happened? Amid rising Iran-Israel tensions, India began Operation Sindhu to bring back its citizens.
📍 What happened? Amid rising Iran-Israel tensions, India began Operation Sindhu to bring back its citizens.
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains
🔆 Why El Niño Is Hard to Predict
📍 El Niño remains a major challenge in climate forecasting due to dynamic ocean-atmosphere interactions
✅ 🌊 ENSO has 3 phases: El Niño (warm), La Niña (cool), and neutral.
✅ 🌀 Climate models struggle due to late-emerging ENSO signals (only in early summer).
✅ 🌬️ Westerly wind bursts and Indian Ocean anomalies can trigger or dampen ENSO.
✅ 🧪 New model: Recharge Oscillator (RO) simulates ENSO as a contest between sea-surface temp & sub-surface heat.
✅ 🌐 Disagreements remain on which ocean basin is most influential in modelling.
#GS1 #Geography #Climate #ENSO #ElNino #Prelims2026 #UPSC #prelims
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📍 El Niño remains a major challenge in climate forecasting due to dynamic ocean-atmosphere interactions
✅ 🌊 ENSO has 3 phases: El Niño (warm), La Niña (cool), and neutral.
✅ 🌀 Climate models struggle due to late-emerging ENSO signals (only in early summer).
✅ 🌬️ Westerly wind bursts and Indian Ocean anomalies can trigger or dampen ENSO.
✅ 🧪 New model: Recharge Oscillator (RO) simulates ENSO as a contest between sea-surface temp & sub-surface heat.
✅ 🌐 Disagreements remain on which ocean basin is most influential in modelling.
📝 Prelims Question:
Which of the following best describes the ENSO phenomenon?
A. Only a Pacific Ocean event
B. Ocean-atmosphere interaction with 3 phases
C. Caused by monsoonal winds
D. Predictable using historical data
Answer: B
📝 Mains Question (GS1 – Geography):
What makes the prediction of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon difficult? Discuss the implications for global weather forecasting and agriculture.
#GS1 #Geography #Climate #ENSO #ElNino #Prelims2026 #UPSC #prelims
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🔆 Marine Microplastics Tied to Higher Diabetes Risk
📍 New U.S. study finds health impact correlation with ocean microplastic exposure
✅ Microplastic pollution (within 370 km of U.S. coast) linked to:
– 18% ↑ in Type-2 diabetes
– 7% ↑ in coronary artery disease
– 9% ↑ in stroke incidents
✅ Study used data from 152 coastal counties.
✅ Pattern holds even after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, income, healthcare access, etc.
✅ Suggests microplastics as a potential new risk factor in chronic disease burden.
#GS3 #Environment #Microplastics #PublicHealth #Diabetes #Prelims2025 #Mains2025
@upsc_4_environment
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📍 New U.S. study finds health impact correlation with ocean microplastic exposure
✅ Microplastic pollution (within 370 km of U.S. coast) linked to:
– 18% ↑ in Type-2 diabetes
– 7% ↑ in coronary artery disease
– 9% ↑ in stroke incidents
✅ Study used data from 152 coastal counties.
✅ Pattern holds even after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, income, healthcare access, etc.
✅ Suggests microplastics as a potential new risk factor in chronic disease burden.
📝 Prelims Question:
Which of the following diseases has NOT been associated with microplastic exposure in recent studies?
A. Type-2 Diabetes
B. Coronary Artery Disease
C. Stroke
D. Asthma
Answer: D
📝 Mains Question (GS3 – Environment/Health):
Recent studies suggest microplastics may be linked to chronic diseases like diabetes. Discuss the implications of such findings on public health policy and environmental regulation in India.
#GS3 #Environment #Microplastics #PublicHealth #Diabetes #Prelims2025 #Mains2025
@upsc_4_environment
@upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial
🔆 North-East Tribal Uprisings before 1857
📍 Key Movements & Causes
✅ Ahoms’ Revolt (1828–33, Assam):
Against British failure to honor post-Burmese War promises; British suppressed revolt by dividing the kingdom.
✅ Khasis’ Revolt (1830s, Jaintia–Garo Hills):
Led by Tirath Singh, ruler of Nunklow; resisted British control of hilly regions.
✅ Singphos’ Rebellion (1829–33, Assam):
Tribal unrest led to murder of British agent in 1839; rebellion was crushed by the Company.
📍 Common Features
✅ Tribal autonomy threatened
✅ Anti-colonial sentiment rooted in land & cultural encroachment
✅ Harsh suppression by British through military force
📘 Prelims Question
Q. With reference to tribal uprisings in colonial India, which of the following is correctly matched?
A. Singphos – Santhal Pargana
B. Khasis – Tirath Singh
C. Ahoms – Garo Hills
D. Mundas – Assam
Answer: ✅ B. Khasis – Tirath Singh
📝 Mains Question (GS1 – Modern History)
Q. Tribal revolts in North-East India before 1857 reflected early resistance to colonial domination. Discuss with suitable examples.
📍 Key Movements & Causes
✅ Ahoms’ Revolt (1828–33, Assam):
Against British failure to honor post-Burmese War promises; British suppressed revolt by dividing the kingdom.
✅ Khasis’ Revolt (1830s, Jaintia–Garo Hills):
Led by Tirath Singh, ruler of Nunklow; resisted British control of hilly regions.
✅ Singphos’ Rebellion (1829–33, Assam):
Tribal unrest led to murder of British agent in 1839; rebellion was crushed by the Company.
📍 Common Features
✅ Tribal autonomy threatened
✅ Anti-colonial sentiment rooted in land & cultural encroachment
✅ Harsh suppression by British through military force
📘 Prelims Question
Q. With reference to tribal uprisings in colonial India, which of the following is correctly matched?
A. Singphos – Santhal Pargana
B. Khasis – Tirath Singh
C. Ahoms – Garo Hills
D. Mundas – Assam
Answer: ✅ B. Khasis – Tirath Singh
📝 Mains Question (GS1 – Modern History)
Q. Tribal revolts in North-East India before 1857 reflected early resistance to colonial domination. Discuss with suitable examples.
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Forwarded from UPSC Economy
🔆 MSMEs Need Secure, Agile Ecosystem: Priyank Kharge
📍At the MSME Growth Conclave 2025, Karnataka RD & IT Minister Priyank Kharge emphasized the pivotal role of MSMEs in India’s growth trajectory.
✅ MSMEs are key to growth in defence, space & aviation sectors
✅ Govt aims to ensure secure, water & energy-efficient infrastructure
✅ Push for plug-and-play facilities in tier-2 cities (Mysuru, Belagavi, Kalaburagi)
✅ Focus on innovation, experimentation & commercialization
✅ India’s MSMEs must build deep expertise and target global quality benchmarks
✅ Karnataka’s competition is now global, not just regional
#GS3 #Economy #MSME #Innovation #DefenceManufacturing #Prelims2025 #Mains2025 #PlugAndPlay #IndustryPolicy
📍At the MSME Growth Conclave 2025, Karnataka RD & IT Minister Priyank Kharge emphasized the pivotal role of MSMEs in India’s growth trajectory.
✅ MSMEs are key to growth in defence, space & aviation sectors
✅ Govt aims to ensure secure, water & energy-efficient infrastructure
✅ Push for plug-and-play facilities in tier-2 cities (Mysuru, Belagavi, Kalaburagi)
✅ Focus on innovation, experimentation & commercialization
✅ India’s MSMEs must build deep expertise and target global quality benchmarks
✅ Karnataka’s competition is now global, not just regional
📝 Prelims Question
Q. The MSME Growth Conclave 2025, recently in news, was held in:
(a) Hyderabad
(b) Bengaluru
(c) Gandhinagar
(d) Bhopal
✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Mains Question (GS3 – Economy)
Q. Discuss the role of MSMEs in India’s strategic sectors and the challenges in creating a supportive ecosystem for their growth.
#GS3 #Economy #MSME #Innovation #DefenceManufacturing #Prelims2025 #Mains2025 #PlugAndPlay #IndustryPolicy
Which one of the following statements defines the term, ‘marine snowfall’?
Anonymous Quiz
7%
Fall of snowflakes on sea surface.
22%
Fall of hail on sea surface.
42%
Continuous fall of snow pellets on ocean floors.
29%
Continuous fall of tiny marine sediments on ocean floors.
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Q.: Which Article of the Indian Constitution provides for the composition of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States)?
Anonymous Quiz
43%
Article 80
25%
Article 118
15%
Article 100
18%
Article 75
Q.: In which year was the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted?
Anonymous Quiz
45%
1956
24%
1954
29%
1952
2%
1950
Q.: Which of the following is NOT considered part of the Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
Judicial Review
57%
Emergency Provisions
22%
Separation of Powers
5%
Fundamental Rights
Q.: Which of the following bodies is responsible for reviewing the administration of the 5th schedule in Indian states?
Anonymous Quiz
42%
Governor
33%
President
15%
Chief Minister
10%
Parliament
Q.: Which of the following statements about Non-Plan Expenditures in the context of government budgeting are correct?
1. Non-plan expenditure includes both revenue and capital expenditures of the government that are not part of the five-year plans or annual plans.
2. Interest payments on government borrowings form a significant part of non-plan expenditure.
3. Subsidies given by the government for food, fertilizers, and petroleum are excluded from non-plan expenditure.
4. Defense expenditures and pensions are categorized under non-plan expenditure.
1. Non-plan expenditure includes both revenue and capital expenditures of the government that are not part of the five-year plans or annual plans.
2. Interest payments on government borrowings form a significant part of non-plan expenditure.
3. Subsidies given by the government for food, fertilizers, and petroleum are excluded from non-plan expenditure.
4. Defense expenditures and pensions are categorized under non-plan expenditure.