🔆 Mughal Period

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Faujdar
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: In charge of Sarkar (Comparable to modern-day district collector).

✅ Ganj
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: A grain market.

✅ Gomastha
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts:
- Gomastha described an Indian agent of the British East India Company employed in the Company's colonies, to sign bonds, usually compellingly, by local weavers and artisans to deliver goods to the Company.
- The prices of the goods were fixed by the gomasthas.
- The goods were exported by the Company to Europe and America. Gomastha may also be described as ‘a paid manager of the private trader’s concerns’, who claimed ‘hardly any share in the profit and loss of his employer’s business’.

✅ Ibadat Khana
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts:
- The Ibadat Khana was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal Emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri to gather spiritual leaders of different religious grounds so as to conduct a discussion on the teachings of the respective religious leaders.

✅ Khots/Muqaddam
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Village headman.

✅ Khalsa
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: Land revenue directly for imperial treasury.

✅ Khums
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Tax on plunder.

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Name Wise 2025 Pre

With reference to Earth's Geomagnetism consider the following statements:

1. It is caused by a giant bar magnet placed approximately along the axis of rotation of the earth.

2. Earth's magnetic field is generated in the earth's outer core.

3. It plays an important role in protecting the planet from solar winds and cosmic radiation.

4. The magnetic field of Mars is stronger than that of Earth.

5. Currently, earth's magnetic north pole is moving from its current position in Canada towards Siberia.

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Dairy processing & Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF):
1. The fund has been set up with NABARD.
2. It aims to modernize the milk processing plants and machinery and to create additional infrastructure for processing more milk.
3. It is implemented by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) only.
How many of the above statements are correct?

🔆 International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA):

✅IALA is an intergovernmental technical body responsible for standardizing and enhancing marine aids to navigation (AtoN) to ensure maritime safety and efficiency globally.
✅Established in: 1957 as a non-governmental body and became an intergovernmental organization in 2021.
✅Headquarters:  Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France.
✅India’s Role & Term:
India is a Council member since 1980 and was elected Vice President during the 1st General Assembly in Singapore (2023).
✅India’s tenure as Vice President (2023–2027) marks its rising maritime stature and technical leadership.
📍Objectives of IALA:
✅To develop international standards and technical guidance for marine navigation aids.
✅To promote safety of navigation, protection of the marine environment, and global harmonization of practices.
✅To support capacity building in member states through training, technology sharing, and advisory services.
📍Functions & India’s Contributions:
✅Standardization of Navigation Aids: Sets global norms for buoys, beacons, lighthouses, and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS).
✅Technological Innovation: Works on IoT-enabled navigation, Maritime Service Registry, and digital AtoN development.
✅Training and Capacity Building: India’s Kolkata Marine Navigation Training Institute will host global training sessions.
✅Heritage Conservation: Focuses on preservation of historical lighthouses, aligned with India’s own lighthouse tourism mission.
✅Hosting Global Maritime Events: India will host the 3rd General Assembly (2025) and 21st IALA Conference (2027) in Mumbai, underlining its global maritime leadership.

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🚩 Foreign Invasions Before Mauryan Empire

🛡️ Iranian (Persian) Invasion (550 - 330 BCE)
• Cyrus the Great (558 - 530 BCE): First foreign invader, captured Gandhara.
• Darius I (522 - 486 BCE): Annexed Sind, Punjab, NWFP (516 BCE), making Gandhara a Persian satrapy.
• Xerxes (486 - 465 BCE): Recruited Indian troops but failed to expand further.
• Decline (330 BCE): Darius III lost control of Indian territories after Alexander’s invasion.

🌐 Impact of Persian Invasion
• Political: Exposed India’s military weakness, influenced administrative structures.
• Trade & Economy: Opened Indus-Arabian Sea trade routes and introduced Persian coinage techniques.
• Culture: Kharoshthi script evolved from Persian Aramaic; Persian masonry influenced Mauryan art.