โญ๏ธCauses of Increased Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein during pregnancy:
.Intestinal obstruction
.Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age(common cause )/ Myeloschisis
.Spina bifida cystica
.Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect
.Fetal death
.Placental abruption
@obstetricsgynecology1
.Intestinal obstruction
.Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age(common cause )/ Myeloschisis
.Spina bifida cystica
.Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect
.Fetal death
.Placental abruption
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐POSTOPERATIVE COUNSELING POINTS AFTER ECTOPIC PREGNANCY:
๐ Explanation of diagnosis and operation.
๐Appropriate counselling that the woman may grieve (this is the loss of a pregnancy) with advice about further support.
๐Avoid the progesterone only contraceptive pill (POP) and intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) (both are associated with a slightly higher risk of ectopic pregnancy).
๐ Approximately 65โ70 per cent of women who have had an ectopic pregnancy go on to have a live birth following this,
๐จ but there is a 10โ15 per cent chance of a further ectopic pregnancy
๐Early transvaginal scan is indicated at around 5 weeksโ gestation to confirm the location of any future pregnancy.
๐ Effective contraception should be used if she does not wish to become pregnant again at the moment.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ Explanation of diagnosis and operation.
๐Appropriate counselling that the woman may grieve (this is the loss of a pregnancy) with advice about further support.
๐Avoid the progesterone only contraceptive pill (POP) and intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) (both are associated with a slightly higher risk of ectopic pregnancy).
๐ Approximately 65โ70 per cent of women who have had an ectopic pregnancy go on to have a live birth following this,
๐จ but there is a 10โ15 per cent chance of a further ectopic pregnancy
๐Early transvaginal scan is indicated at around 5 weeksโ gestation to confirm the location of any future pregnancy.
๐ Effective contraception should be used if she does not wish to become pregnant again at the moment.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐DIAGNOSIS OF ECTOPIC PREGNANY
๐Diagnosis of ectopic needs high level of suspicion ,you should be "ectopically minded" in any pregnant case especially the high risk group (PID ,IUCD ,POP)
๐Pregnancy test :detect the serum B- HCG which is normally doubles in intrautrine pregnancy -3 days
-subnormal rise ,less than 66%within 2 days may indecate ectopic
(B-HCG less relative indecate of ectopic becouse may be non -viable intrautrine pregnancy )
๐If there is a doubt that this situation is "ectopic pregnancy" should be hospitalized &follow up by
1โฃSerially combined U/S + B- HCG
The discrimination value at wich U/S can detect an intrautrine pregnancy
6000mIU/ml (by abdominal U/S ) or
2000mIU/ml (by vaginal probe )
"Any level above this +no intrautrine preg .detected by U/S โก๏ธ will be most ectopic
2โฃ Serial hb & hct to detect any internal hge is suggested by progressive drop in Hct in absence of external bleeding
๐๐ If diagnosis of intraperitoneal hge is evidentโก๏ธ (Proceed directly to laparotomy)
๐If diagnosis is still query โก๏ธ
*laparoscopy โก๏ธ (both diagnostic &therapeutic)
3โฃOthers :
*progesteron level less than 5ng/ml ( ectopic or non -viable intrautrine pregnancy )
D&C โก๏ธ to detect decidual villi butโโ (it may disturb an early healthy pregnancy !!)
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐Diagnosis of ectopic needs high level of suspicion ,you should be "ectopically minded" in any pregnant case especially the high risk group (PID ,IUCD ,POP)
๐Pregnancy test :detect the serum B- HCG which is normally doubles in intrautrine pregnancy -3 days
-subnormal rise ,less than 66%within 2 days may indecate ectopic
(B-HCG less relative indecate of ectopic becouse may be non -viable intrautrine pregnancy )
๐If there is a doubt that this situation is "ectopic pregnancy" should be hospitalized &follow up by
1โฃSerially combined U/S + B- HCG
The discrimination value at wich U/S can detect an intrautrine pregnancy
6000mIU/ml (by abdominal U/S ) or
2000mIU/ml (by vaginal probe )
"Any level above this +no intrautrine preg .detected by U/S โก๏ธ will be most ectopic
2โฃ Serial hb & hct to detect any internal hge is suggested by progressive drop in Hct in absence of external bleeding
๐๐ If diagnosis of intraperitoneal hge is evidentโก๏ธ (Proceed directly to laparotomy)
๐If diagnosis is still query โก๏ธ
*laparoscopy โก๏ธ (both diagnostic &therapeutic)
3โฃOthers :
*progesteron level less than 5ng/ml ( ectopic or non -viable intrautrine pregnancy )
D&C โก๏ธ to detect decidual villi butโโ (it may disturb an early healthy pregnancy !!)
@obstetricsgynecology1
โณ๏ธ Short notes ( chlamydial infection ) :
๐ Chlamydia Trachomatis is a Gram โโve obligate intracellular bacterium.
๐ Clinical Presentation in Males
o Urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis
๐ Clinical Presentation in Females
o Urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, perihepatitis
๐ Diagnosis
o Endocervical and urethral swabs
๐ Treatment
o Doxycycline or Azithromycin
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ Chlamydia Trachomatis is a Gram โโve obligate intracellular bacterium.
๐ Clinical Presentation in Males
o Urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis
๐ Clinical Presentation in Females
o Urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, perihepatitis
๐ Diagnosis
o Endocervical and urethral swabs
๐ Treatment
o Doxycycline or Azithromycin
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
โณ short notes( Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infection )
๐ a Gram โโve intracellular diplococcus.
๐ Clinical Presentation in Males :
o Urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, pharyngitis
๐ Clinical Presentation in Females :
o Asymptomatic, endocervicitis, urethritis, PID
๐ Disseminated Gonococcal infection :
o Bacteraemia, skin and joint lesions
๐ Diagnosis :
o Smear and culture
๐ Treatment :
o Ceftriaxone (Intramuscular Injection)
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ a Gram โโve intracellular diplococcus.
๐ Clinical Presentation in Males :
o Urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, pharyngitis
๐ Clinical Presentation in Females :
o Asymptomatic, endocervicitis, urethritis, PID
๐ Disseminated Gonococcal infection :
o Bacteraemia, skin and joint lesions
๐ Diagnosis :
o Smear and culture
๐ Treatment :
o Ceftriaxone (Intramuscular Injection)
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ฏ๐ DIFFERENTIAL:
๐โ๐จ The differential for a woman of childbearing age with abdominal/pelvic pain
or abnormal vaginal bleeding includes:
โ Ectopic pregnancy
โ Mittelschmerz
โ Appendicitis/cholecystitis
โ Intrauterine pregnancy
โ Ovarian cyst/torsion
โ Threatened abortion
โ PID
โ Inevitable abortion
โ Endometriosis
โ Molar pregnancy
โ UTI/renal colic
โ Heterotopic pregnancy
โ Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
โ Corpus luteum cyst.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐โ๐จ The differential for a woman of childbearing age with abdominal/pelvic pain
or abnormal vaginal bleeding includes:
โ Ectopic pregnancy
โ Mittelschmerz
โ Appendicitis/cholecystitis
โ Intrauterine pregnancy
โ Ovarian cyst/torsion
โ Threatened abortion
โ PID
โ Inevitable abortion
โ Endometriosis
โ Molar pregnancy
โ UTI/renal colic
โ Heterotopic pregnancy
โ Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
โ Corpus luteum cyst.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ฏโฆ๏ธCommon side effect of HRT :
๐ พ๏ธestrogen related :
๐ดFluid retention
๐ดHeadache
๐ดBreast enlargement
๐ดLeg cramps
๐ดDyspepsia
๐ ฟ๏ธrogestogen related :
๐ตFluid retention
๐ตBreast tenderness
๐ตHeadache
๐ตAcne
๐ตMood swings
๐ตDepression
๐ตIrritability
๐ตBloating
๐ตConstipation
๐ตIncrease appetite
โโโโ
Resource : 10 - Teachers
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ พ๏ธestrogen related :
๐ดFluid retention
๐ดHeadache
๐ดBreast enlargement
๐ดLeg cramps
๐ดDyspepsia
๐ ฟ๏ธrogestogen related :
๐ตFluid retention
๐ตBreast tenderness
๐ตHeadache
๐ตAcne
๐ตMood swings
๐ตDepression
๐ตIrritability
๐ตBloating
๐ตConstipation
๐ตIncrease appetite
โโโโ
Resource : 10 - Teachers
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ค๐ก๐ Puerperial Pyrexia
๐A clinical sign that merits careful investigation.
๐ A temperature of 38 oC on any 2 occasion in the first 10 days after
delivery excluding the first 24 hr.
๐ ๐ CAUSES :
1. Urinary tract infection
2. Genital tract infection
3. Breast infection (mastitis, abscess)
4. Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
5. Respiratory infection
6. Other non-obstetrics causes
7. Surgical wounds e.g. C.S.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐A clinical sign that merits careful investigation.
๐ A temperature of 38 oC on any 2 occasion in the first 10 days after
delivery excluding the first 24 hr.
๐ ๐ CAUSES :
1. Urinary tract infection
2. Genital tract infection
3. Breast infection (mastitis, abscess)
4. Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
5. Respiratory infection
6. Other non-obstetrics causes
7. Surgical wounds e.g. C.S.
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐ Implantation Defects โผ๏ธ
๐Ectopic Pregnancy :
โช๏ธImplantation at site other than uterine body
โช๏ธMost commonly fallopian tube
โช๏ธCan be peritoneal or ovarian
โช๏ธCan very quickly become a life- threatening emergency
๐Placenta Previa :
๐ดImplantation in the lower uterine segment
๐ดCan cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
๐ดRequires C-Section delivery
๐Incomplete Invasion :
โซ๏ธPlacental insufficiency
โซ๏ธPre-Eclampsia
โโโโโโ-
#GOOD_LUCK
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐Ectopic Pregnancy :
โช๏ธImplantation at site other than uterine body
โช๏ธMost commonly fallopian tube
โช๏ธCan be peritoneal or ovarian
โช๏ธCan very quickly become a life- threatening emergency
๐Placenta Previa :
๐ดImplantation in the lower uterine segment
๐ดCan cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
๐ดRequires C-Section delivery
๐Incomplete Invasion :
โซ๏ธPlacental insufficiency
โซ๏ธPre-Eclampsia
โโโโโโ-
#GOOD_LUCK
@obstetricsgynecology1
Antenatal steroids
1. Dose
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Panel and the ACOG recommends
A) dexamethansone 4 mg IM ร every 12 hours, for 4 doses for all women in preterm labor between 24 and 34 weeksโ gestation.
B ) betamethansone 12 mg IM ร 2 doses, 24 hours apart if more than 2 weeks had passed and the gestational age was less than 33 weeks.
# Corticosteroids are not recommended for use in pregnant women who are at more than 34 weeksโ gestation unless there is an indication of fetal lung immaturity.
2. Role
facilitate fetal lung maturation by increasing production of fetal lung surfactant, thereby reducing the incidence and severity of RDS,Antenatal corticosteroid also decreases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and neonatal death
3. Important notes
A) The greatest reduction in RDS occurs when delivery can be delayed 24 hours up to 7 days after starting treatment.
B ) Betamethasone, however, might be the preferred agent because fewer IM injections are needed and because in meta analysis it was associated with a greater reduction in RDS compared with dexamethasone.
also in the reduction of periventricular leukomalacia, a finding associated with later risks for cerebral palsy.
4. Warning
Repeated weekly corticosteroid courses should not be given because of the association with decreased birth weight and head circumference, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, deleterious effects on cerebral myelination and lung growth, and neonatal death .
#Ben_Ali
@obstetricsgynecology1
1. Dose
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Panel and the ACOG recommends
A) dexamethansone 4 mg IM ร every 12 hours, for 4 doses for all women in preterm labor between 24 and 34 weeksโ gestation.
B ) betamethansone 12 mg IM ร 2 doses, 24 hours apart if more than 2 weeks had passed and the gestational age was less than 33 weeks.
# Corticosteroids are not recommended for use in pregnant women who are at more than 34 weeksโ gestation unless there is an indication of fetal lung immaturity.
2. Role
facilitate fetal lung maturation by increasing production of fetal lung surfactant, thereby reducing the incidence and severity of RDS,Antenatal corticosteroid also decreases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and neonatal death
3. Important notes
A) The greatest reduction in RDS occurs when delivery can be delayed 24 hours up to 7 days after starting treatment.
B ) Betamethasone, however, might be the preferred agent because fewer IM injections are needed and because in meta analysis it was associated with a greater reduction in RDS compared with dexamethasone.
also in the reduction of periventricular leukomalacia, a finding associated with later risks for cerebral palsy.
4. Warning
Repeated weekly corticosteroid courses should not be given because of the association with decreased birth weight and head circumference, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, deleterious effects on cerebral myelination and lung growth, and neonatal death .
#Ben_Ali
@obstetricsgynecology1
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Medical mnemonic
๐ฌ How to memorize
Triad of #Preeclampsia
#videoclip
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๐ฌ How to memorize
Triad of #Preeclampsia
#videoclip
ใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธ
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ุฃูุถู ุงููููุงุช ุงูุทุจูุฉ: ุชูุดุฑ ุงูููุฏูููุงุช ูุงูู
ูุฎุตุงุช ูุงููุชุจ ูุงูู
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ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุจุงุทูุฉ
@internalmedcine2
ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุฃุทูุงู
@Pediatrics_6
ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงููุณุงุฆูู ูุงูุชูููุฏ
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ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุฌุฑุงุญุฉ
@Surgery_6
ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุจุงุทูุฉ
@internalmedcine2
ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุฃุทูุงู
@Pediatrics_6
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ูุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุงูุฒู ุงูุฉ ุงูุงู ุฑูููู
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ููุฏูููุงุช ููุชุจ ุฏ ูุฌูุจ ุงูููุฏู
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ุนู
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Enzyme inducers and contraceptive pill
A disrespectful but good #mnemonic to remember for enzyme inducers is:
CRAP GPs ๐๐ฉ
โ Whilst majority of GPs are absolutely fantastic, if a GP prescribes rifampicin and combined oral contraceptive pill without informing the woman of contraception failure, he may be called a Crap GP. A good GP would discuss the use of additional barrier methods, having progesterone only injections, insertion of intrauterine devices or use of increasing dose of oestrogen.
โ Carbamazepine
โ Rifampicin
โ Alcohol โ chronic consumption
โ Phenytoin
โ Griseofulvin
โ Phenobarbital
โ sulfonylureas
#obs_and_gyneacology
ใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐ
ููู ุฒูุฏ ุงุดุชุฑููุง ุจุงูููุงุฉ ู ู ููุง ๐
@mnemonicmedical
A disrespectful but good #mnemonic to remember for enzyme inducers is:
CRAP GPs ๐๐ฉ
โ Whilst majority of GPs are absolutely fantastic, if a GP prescribes rifampicin and combined oral contraceptive pill without informing the woman of contraception failure, he may be called a Crap GP. A good GP would discuss the use of additional barrier methods, having progesterone only injections, insertion of intrauterine devices or use of increasing dose of oestrogen.
โ Carbamazepine
โ Rifampicin
โ Alcohol โ chronic consumption
โ Phenytoin
โ Griseofulvin
โ Phenobarbital
โ sulfonylureas
#obs_and_gyneacology
ใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐ
ููู ุฒูุฏ ุงุดุชุฑููุง ุจุงูููุงุฉ ู ู ููุง ๐
@mnemonicmedical
๐ถCasues of secondary amenorrhea:
๐นPregnancy
๐นBreastfeeding
๐นStopping the use of birth control
๐นMenopause
๐นSome birth control methods, such as Depo-Provera or certain types of intrauterine devices (IUDs)
๐นStress
๐นPoor nutrition
๐นDepression
๐นCertain prescription drugs
๐นExtreme weight loss
๐นOver-exercising
๐นOngoing illness
๐นSudden weight gain or being very overweight (obesity)
๐นHormonal imbalance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
๐นThyroid gland disorders
๐นTumors on the ovaries or brain (rare)
๐นpituitary tumers sella syndrome
๐นpremature ovarian failure
๐นPure gonadal dysgensis
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
๐นPregnancy
๐นBreastfeeding
๐นStopping the use of birth control
๐นMenopause
๐นSome birth control methods, such as Depo-Provera or certain types of intrauterine devices (IUDs)
๐นStress
๐นPoor nutrition
๐นDepression
๐นCertain prescription drugs
๐นExtreme weight loss
๐นOver-exercising
๐นOngoing illness
๐นSudden weight gain or being very overweight (obesity)
๐นHormonal imbalance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
๐นThyroid gland disorders
๐นTumors on the ovaries or brain (rare)
๐นpituitary tumers sella syndrome
๐นpremature ovarian failure
๐นPure gonadal dysgensis
#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1
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ุดุงุฑูุฉ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุณุชุจูุงู ููู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุจุญุซูู ุชูุฏู ุฅูู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู
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