Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Duct ectasia
TREATMENT

Hadfield’s operation- excision of all major ducts
Antibiotics- amoxiclav and metronidazole

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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Tumor plop sound
Low pitch heart sounds are :
S3
S4
Tumor plop sound

Mid systolic clicks are
Heard in mitral valve prolapse during systole and are high pitch
sounds.

The pericardial knock (PK) is
Also high-pitched and occurs slightly later than the opening snap, corresponding in timing to the abrupt cessation of ventricular
expansion after tricuspid valve opening and to an exaggerated y
descent seen in the jugular venous waveform in patients with
constrictive pericarditis.

A tumor plop is
A lower-pitched sound that can be heard in patients with atrial
myxoma.
It may be appreciated only in certain positions and arises from the diastolic prolapse of the tumor across the mitral valve

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Desmoplasia

In some tumor, parenchymal cell stimulate the formation of an abundant collagen stroma refferd to as desmoplaisa
Eg.schirruos tumor of breast

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Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Cisplatin
Cisplatin is used in the management of Hodgkins lymphoma, non Hodgkins lymphoma and small cell carcinoma of lung.

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C: Anti-mitochondrial

Primary biliary cirrhosis is strongly associated with the presence of
anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), which are diagnostic
PBC:
* Associated with CREST syndrome, sicca syndrome, auto-immune
thyroiditis, type I DM and IgA deficiency
* IgG AMA is detected in more than 90% of patients with PBC
* 90% of women are between 35 - 60 years
* Earliest symptom is pruritis
* Eventually hepatocellular failure and portal hypertension develops
* Lab findings:
- Increased serum alkaline phosphatase
- Increased serum 5-nucleotidase activity
- Increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- Serum bilirubin is usually normal
- Aminotransferase levels minimally increased
- Treatment: Ursodiol


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Correct Answer - B
Ans: B. PML-RARA

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A
under the family retinoid.

Retinoids, through their cognate nuclear receptors, exert potent
effects on cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and have significant promise for cancer therapy and chemoprevention.

Differentiation therapy with ATRA has marked a major advance and
become the first choice drug in the treatment of acute promyelocytic
leukemia (APL).

All-trans retinoic Acid is used in the treatment for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML)

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Craniophyrangioma

Craniophyrangioma leads to central diabetes mellitus and resultant
loss of water leads to hypernatremia

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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Colorectal cancer
Colon and rectal tumors Streptococcus bovis (bacteremia

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Intron 1 inversion

Thalassemias are autosomal recessive disorder
The most common mutation causing 13 thalassemias is
intron/inversion


Also know:
Synthesis of alpha chain is controlled by 2 gene clusters on →
Chromosome 16
Synthesis of beta chain is controlled by 2 gene clusters on →
Chromosome 11
Thalassemia mutations in India

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Radiosensitive

RCC or hypernephroma is one of the most radioresistant and
chemoresistant tumors.

In men rapidly developing varicocele is rare but impressive sign for RCC occuring most often on the left side. It occurs because left gonadal vein is obstructed where it joins the left renal vein.

As already stated RCC originates in the cortex and tends to grow out
into perinephric tissue causing characteristic bulge or mass effect.

About adenomas
Adenomas are the most common benign renal parenchymal lesions.

- Despite the classification of adenoma as a benign tumor, no
clinical, histologic or immunohistochemical criteria can differentiate renal adenoma from renal carcinoma.

Smith's Urology writes about adenomas ?
- "Previously, all renal tumors less than 3 cm were considered
adenomas. However, even such small tumors can metastasize and
are now classified as renal cell carcinoma. Adenomas of any size
should be treated as a fortuitous finding representative of an early
renal cancer, and the patient should be evaluated and treated
appropriately.

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