Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Policeman tip deformity

Deformity (position of the limb) in Erb's palsy

i) Arm : Hanges by the side; it is adducted and medially rotated
ii) Forearm : Extended and pronated n The deformity is known as 'policeman's tip hand' or'porter's tip hand'.
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Heberden nodes
Heberden nodes is a feature of osteoarthritis and not rheumatoid
arthritis.

Important hand deformities of hand in RA
Boutonniere deformity : Flexion contracture of PIP joint and
extension of DIP joint.
Swan neck deformity : Hyperextension of PIP joint and flexion at DIP joint.
Z-deformity : Radial deviation of wrist with ulnar deviation of
fingers. Hyperextension of 1st interphalangeal joint and flexion of MP joint.

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Correct Answer - C
Chlamydia


Reactive arthritis is a systemic disorder of unknown etiology that is defined by the development of conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis, and mucocutaneous lesions following an episode of infection elsewhere in the body.

In 1916, Hans Reiter described the triad of nongonococcal urethritis,
conjunctivitis, and arthritis in a young German officer with bloody
dysentery.The classic triad of the disease, namely urethritis, arthritis,
and conjunctivitis, is present in only one third of the patients.

Reactive arthritis is frequently associated with the human leukocyte antigen B27 (1-ILA-B27) haplotype.

The etiology of reactive arthritis remains uncertain. The most
accepted theory about the pathophysiology of reactive arthritis involves initial activation by a microbial antigen, followed by an
autoimmune reaction that involves the skin, eyes, and joints.
Two forms are recognized: a sexually transmitted form and a
dysenteric form. Gastrointestinal infections with Shigella,
Salmonella, and Campylobacter species and other microorganisms,
and genitourinary infections especially with Chlamydia trachomatis

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Correct Answer - C
C i.e. Chance fracture
A horizontal fracture of the vertebra extending from body to the
posterior element, caused by a strong distraction force

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Correct Answer - A
Estrogen


Spider nevi refer to dilated, visible small blood vessels in the skin.

- It is called spider nevi because it consists of central "feeding" blood
vessel with numerous fine radiating legs emanating .from the central
body.

Spider nevi are caused due to vasodilatation of vessels and are
usually associated with cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is associated with vasodilatation and hyperdynamic
circulation.

"The cause of vasodilatation in chrrhosis is uncertain but it is
believed to be related to the increased level of estrogen in the both.

Estrogen is a female sex hormone which is metabolized by liver.

Thus in liver diseases its level tends to increase which is believe to cause vasodilatation, resulting in spider naevi.

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Osteogenesis imperfecta

Ring shaped epiphysis
Hypothyroidism (healing phase)
Osteoporosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Rickets
(healing phase)
Osteopetrosis
Scurvy

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fracture supracondylar humerus
Compartment syndrome is most commonly caused by
extremity fractures :-

i. Supracondylar fracture of humerus is the most common cause is children.

ii. Crush injuries to forearm are the most common cause in adults.

iii. Other injuries are fracture both bones forearm, elbow dislocation.

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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Dilated cardiomyopathy

Extra articular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis are acute
anterior uveitis (in 5%); rarely aortic valve disease, carditis and
pulmonary fibrosis also occur.

Ankylosing spondylitis (marie-strumpell disease)
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease
of the sacroiliac joints and the axial skeleton.

Prototype of seronegative (absence of rheumatoid factor)
spondyloarthropathies.
Inflammatory disorder of unknown cause.

Usually begins in the second or third decade with a median age of
23, in 5% symptoms begin after 40.

Male to female ratio is 2-3 : 1
Strong correlation with HLA-B27
90-95% of cases are positive for HLA - B27.

Joints involved in ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis primarily affects axial skeleton.
The disease usually begins in the sacro-iliac joints and usually
extends upwards to involve the lumbar, thoracic, and often cervicalspine.
In the worst cases the hips or shoulders are also affected. Hip joint is the most commonly affected peripheral joint.
Rarely knee. Pathology
Enthesitis i.e. inflammation of the insertion points of tendons,
ligaments or joint capsule on bone is one of the hallmarks of this
entity of disease.

Primarily affects axial (spinal) skeleton and sacroiliitis is often the earliest manifestation of A.S..
Involvement of costovertebral joints frequently occur, leading to
diminished chest expansion (normal 5 cm)

o Peripheral joints e.g.
shoulders, and hips are also involved in 1/3rd patients.

Extraarticular manifestations like acute anterior uveitis (in 5%); rarely
aortic valve disease, carditis and pulmonary fibrosis also occur.
Pathological changes proceed in three stages
1. Inflammation with granulation tissue formation and erosion of
adjacent bone.
2. Fibrosis of granulation tissue
3. Ossification of the fibrous tissue, leading to ankylosis of the joint

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Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Distal inetrphalangeal joint

In osteoarthritis of hand :
i) Distal interphalangeal joint :- Heberden's node
ii) Proximal interphalangeal joint :- Bouchard's node


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