Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Skoog.pdf
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🧪مصدر الكيمياء التحليلية🧪
Student Solutions Manual Fundamentals of Analytica.pdf
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🧪حلول مصدر الكيمياء التحليلية🧪
DISORDERS OF HEME METABOLISM
1⃣ Porphrias
✨ Diseases of heme biosynthesis characterized by
⚫️ increased excretion of porphyrins in urine and faces
⚫️ accumulation of porphrins in plasma and tissue
✨ they may be inherited or acquried due to deficiency of certain heme biosynthesis enzymes
✨ they are classified into two groups depend on organ or cells that are affected
🌸 ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIAS
are classified into:
1. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
✨ Autosomal recessive
✨ Deficiency : uroporphyrinogen III synthase
✨ Result : accumulation and excretion of uroporphyrinogen I and coproporphyrinogen I in urine
( في الخطوة رقم 3 في تكوين heme يتكون uroporphyrinogen I تلقائي ومن ثم يتكون corproporphyrinogen I لذلك عند نقص uroporphyrinogen III synthase تتراكم في البول ولايتم تحويلها الى uroporphyrinogen III & corprophyrinogen III)
✨ Symptom :
🌻 Photosensitivity ➡️ due to light absorption property of porphyrins ➡️ porphyrins react with oxygen and generate free radicals ➡️ damage lysosomes and other cell structures
🌻 Pink teeth ➡️ due to formation of pink uro and corproporphurins
🌻Haemolytic anaemia
🌻Splenomegaly
✨ Treatment :
1⃣ Avoidance of sunlight
2⃣ Splenectomy
3⃣ High- level blood transfusions
4⃣ Maybe transplantation of bone marrow
2. Erythropoietic protoporphyria
✨ Autosomal dominant
✨ Deficiency : partial deficiency of ferrochelatase or heme synthase
✨ Result : excess protoporphyrin IX in plasma and erythrocytes and increased excration of protoporphyrin IX in feces
1⃣ Porphrias
✨ Diseases of heme biosynthesis characterized by
⚫️ increased excretion of porphyrins in urine and faces
⚫️ accumulation of porphrins in plasma and tissue
✨ they may be inherited or acquried due to deficiency of certain heme biosynthesis enzymes
✨ they are classified into two groups depend on organ or cells that are affected
🌸 ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIAS
are classified into:
1. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
✨ Autosomal recessive
✨ Deficiency : uroporphyrinogen III synthase
✨ Result : accumulation and excretion of uroporphyrinogen I and coproporphyrinogen I in urine
( في الخطوة رقم 3 في تكوين heme يتكون uroporphyrinogen I تلقائي ومن ثم يتكون corproporphyrinogen I لذلك عند نقص uroporphyrinogen III synthase تتراكم في البول ولايتم تحويلها الى uroporphyrinogen III & corprophyrinogen III)
✨ Symptom :
🌻 Photosensitivity ➡️ due to light absorption property of porphyrins ➡️ porphyrins react with oxygen and generate free radicals ➡️ damage lysosomes and other cell structures
🌻 Pink teeth ➡️ due to formation of pink uro and corproporphurins
🌻Haemolytic anaemia
🌻Splenomegaly
✨ Treatment :
1⃣ Avoidance of sunlight
2⃣ Splenectomy
3⃣ High- level blood transfusions
4⃣ Maybe transplantation of bone marrow
2. Erythropoietic protoporphyria
✨ Autosomal dominant
✨ Deficiency : partial deficiency of ferrochelatase or heme synthase
✨ Result : excess protoporphyrin IX in plasma and erythrocytes and increased excration of protoporphyrin IX in feces
1) A suppository is generally intended for use in
a) Rectum
b) Vagina
c) Urethra
d) All the above
2) Vaginal suppositories also called as
a) Pessaries
b) Simple Suppositories
c) Bougies
d) None
3) Weight of rectal suppository for adults is
a) 1 g
b) 2 g
c) 5 g
d) None
4) Weight of rectal suppository for children is
a) 1 g
b) 2 g
c) 5 g
d) None
5) Urethral suppositories also called as
a) Pessaries
b) Bougies
c) Both
d) None
a) Rectum
b) Vagina
c) Urethra
d) All the above
2) Vaginal suppositories also called as
a) Pessaries
b) Simple Suppositories
c) Bougies
d) None
3) Weight of rectal suppository for adults is
a) 1 g
b) 2 g
c) 5 g
d) None
4) Weight of rectal suppository for children is
a) 1 g
b) 2 g
c) 5 g
d) None
5) Urethral suppositories also called as
a) Pessaries
b) Bougies
c) Both
d) None
6) Weight of urethral suppository for males & females respectively
a) 4 & 2
b) 2 & 4
c) 4 & 6
d) 6 & 4
7) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralizing free acids & saponify the esters contained in 1g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Water number
d) Acid value
8) The number of grams of iodine that reacts with 100 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Water number
d) Acid value
9) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralizing free acids in 1 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Hydroxil value
d) Acid value
10) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralize the acidic acid used to acetylate 1 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Hydroxil value
d) Acid value
a) 4 & 2
b) 2 & 4
c) 4 & 6
d) 6 & 4
7) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralizing free acids & saponify the esters contained in 1g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Water number
d) Acid value
8) The number of grams of iodine that reacts with 100 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Water number
d) Acid value
9) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralizing free acids in 1 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Hydroxil value
d) Acid value
10) The number of milligrams of KOH required neutralize the acidic acid used to acetylate 1 g of fat is known as
a) Iodine value
b) Saponification value
c) Hydroxil value
d) Acid value
11) Which of the following method is used to manufacture suppositories
a) Hard molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
12) Which of the following is most commonly used suppository base
a)Cocoa butter
c) PEG + Hexanetriol
d) None
13) Cocoa butter available in following forms
a) alpha form
b) beta form
c) gamma form
d) all of these
14) The solidification point of cocoa butter lies between (degree centigrade)
a) 12 – 13
b) 20 – 30
c) 5 – 10
d) None
15) Which of the following method is simple & oldest method of preparation of suppositories?
a) Hand molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
d) All the above
a) Hard molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
12) Which of the following is most commonly used suppository base
a)Cocoa butter
c) PEG + Hexanetriol
d) None
13) Cocoa butter available in following forms
a) alpha form
b) beta form
c) gamma form
d) all of these
14) The solidification point of cocoa butter lies between (degree centigrade)
a) 12 – 13
b) 20 – 30
c) 5 – 10
d) None
15) Which of the following method is simple & oldest method of preparation of suppositories?
a) Hand molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
d) All the above
16) Most commonly used method for producing suppositories on both a small & large scale is
a) Hand molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
d) All the above
17) Which formula can be used to calculate the amount of base that is replaced by active ingredients?

18) Rancidity generally results from
a) Auto oxidation
b) Decomposition of unsaturated fats
c) Both
d) None
19) Which of the following is not antioxidant
a) BHT
b) BHA
c) Tocopherol
d) Theobroma oil
20) Suppositories are generally evaluated by
a) Melting range test
b) Breaking test
c) Liquefaction
d) All the above
a) Hand molding
b) Compression molding
c) Pour molding
d) All the above
17) Which formula can be used to calculate the amount of base that is replaced by active ingredients?

18) Rancidity generally results from
a) Auto oxidation
b) Decomposition of unsaturated fats
c) Both
d) None
19) Which of the following is not antioxidant
a) BHT
b) BHA
c) Tocopherol
d) Theobroma oil
20) Suppositories are generally evaluated by
a) Melting range test
b) Breaking test
c) Liquefaction
d) All the above
.Suppository base is that it should remain ____ at room temperature.
a)solid
b)liquid
c)gaseous
d)semi solid
2..Suppository base should _ at body temperature.
a)soften
b)melt
c)dissolve
d)all of these
3.The base must be capable of _ to release its drug for absorption.
a)softening
b)melting
c)dissolving
d)all of these
4.If the base interacts with the drug to inhibit its release, drug absorption will be impaired or even prevented.
a)true
b)false
5.Slow-release suppositories contain
a)alginic acid
b)acetic acid
c)citric acid
d)all of these
6.Which of the following is not an ideal property of bases?
a)It must retain the shape and size
b)It should shrink sufficiently to remove from mould
c)It should be compatible with variety of drugs
d)It should soften or harden on storage
7.Suppository bases are classified as
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these
8.Which of the following is/are Oleaginous bases?
a)Theobroma Oil
b)Glycero-gelatin base
c)Massa estarinum
d)All of these
9.Cocoa butter is fat obtained from
a)stem of Theobroma cocoa
b)roasted seed of Theobroma cocoa
c)roasted leaves of Theobroma cocoa
d)all of these
10.Cocoa butter melts at
a)20 – 25 degrees
b)30 – 35 degrees
c)above 40 degrees
d)below 20 degrees
a)solid
b)liquid
c)gaseous
d)semi solid
2..Suppository base should _ at body temperature.
a)soften
b)melt
c)dissolve
d)all of these
3.The base must be capable of _ to release its drug for absorption.
a)softening
b)melting
c)dissolving
d)all of these
4.If the base interacts with the drug to inhibit its release, drug absorption will be impaired or even prevented.
a)true
b)false
5.Slow-release suppositories contain
a)alginic acid
b)acetic acid
c)citric acid
d)all of these
6.Which of the following is not an ideal property of bases?
a)It must retain the shape and size
b)It should shrink sufficiently to remove from mould
c)It should be compatible with variety of drugs
d)It should soften or harden on storage
7.Suppository bases are classified as
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these
8.Which of the following is/are Oleaginous bases?
a)Theobroma Oil
b)Glycero-gelatin base
c)Massa estarinum
d)All of these
9.Cocoa butter is fat obtained from
a)stem of Theobroma cocoa
b)roasted seed of Theobroma cocoa
c)roasted leaves of Theobroma cocoa
d)all of these
10.Cocoa butter melts at
a)20 – 25 degrees
b)30 – 35 degrees
c)above 40 degrees
d)below 20 degrees
11.Disadvantages of Cocoa butter is/are
a)Rancidity
b)Stick to mould
c)Costly
d)All of these
12.Which of the following are Hydrogenated oils?
a)coconut oil
b)stearic acids
c)palm kernel oil
d)all of these
13.Polyethylene glycol is which type of suppository base?
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these
14.Polyethylene glycol is also known as
a)Witepsol
b)Massa estarinum
c)Macrogol
d)All of these
15.Witepsol is classified as which type of suppository base?
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these
a)Rancidity
b)Stick to mould
c)Costly
d)All of these
12.Which of the following are Hydrogenated oils?
a)coconut oil
b)stearic acids
c)palm kernel oil
d)all of these
13.Polyethylene glycol is which type of suppository base?
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these
14.Polyethylene glycol is also known as
a)Witepsol
b)Massa estarinum
c)Macrogol
d)All of these
15.Witepsol is classified as which type of suppository base?
a)Fatty or Oily Bases or Oleaginous bases
b)Water Soluble & Water miscible bases Or Hydrophilic bases
c)Emulsifying/Synthetic bases
d)All of these