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**Ƥracтιce Maĸeѕ Ƥerғecт**
(2️⃣) Can you use whose for inanimate things? Yes. Who is used for people. Which is used for things. Whose is used for people and things. Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. (Author Erma Bombeck) An intellectual is someone whose mind watches…
(3️⃣) When do you use whom?

Here’s the rule: 👉🏻 Use who when it’s the subject of verb, otherwise use whom.

Never lend your car to anyone who calls you mum.
(Who is the subject of the verb calls.)

Never lend your car to anyone whom you have given birth to. (Author Erma Bombeck)
(Whom is NOT the subject of a verb.)

I'm just someone who likes cooking and for whom sharing food is a form of expression. (Maya Angelou)
(Who is the subject of the verb likes. Sharing food is the subject of the verb is. Whom isn’t the subject of anything; therefore, whom is correct.)


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#relative_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
**Ƥracтιce Maĸeѕ Ƥerғecт**
(3️⃣) When do you use whom? Here’s the rule: 👉🏻 Use who when it’s the subject of verb, otherwise use whom. Never lend your car to anyone who calls you mum. (Who is the subject of the verb calls.) Never lend your car to anyone whom you have given birth…
(4️⃣) Can you use that for people?

That, like whose, can be used for people or things.

The dog that bit the postman.
(Here, that is used with a thing (dog).)

The postman that bit the dog.
(Here, that is used with a person (postman).)

Try to use who instead of that with people (especially in #formal writing) because a fair proportion of your readers might find that with people a little uncouth.

The postman who bit the dog.
(This is far more acceptable…well, grammatically at least.)


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#relative_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
**Ƥracтιce Maĸeѕ Ƥerғecт**
(4️⃣) Can you use that for people? That, like whose, can be used for people or things. The dog that bit the postman. (Here, that is used with a thing (dog).) The postman that bit the dog. (Here, that is used with a person (postman).) Try to use who instead…
(5️⃣) Should you avoid ending a sentence in a preposition?

Here's the quick answer: 👉🏻NO.
Here's the longer answer: 👇🏻

When whom or which is the object of a preposition, you can start the adjective clause with the preposition.

We have to put up with most from those on whom we most depend. (Spanish philosopher Baltasar Gracian)
(The preposition is on.)

I operated on the assumption that there was an absolute scale of values against which art could be measured. I didn't trust my own subjective responses. (Playwright Tom Stoppard)
(The preposition is against.)

Starting an adjective clause with a preposition is done to avoid ending the sentence with a preposition, which is still considered by many to be a grammar crime. Let's be clear on this. It's okay to end a sentence in a preposition, but some of your readers might think it's wrong or too informal. So, in #formal writing, try to avoid ending a sentence in a preposition. Don't think of it as a rule. Think of it as a word game. However, if avoiding a sentence-ending preposition makes your sentence sound stilted, then either reword your sentence or stop playing and leave your preposition at the end.


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#relative_pronouns

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**Ƥracтιce Maĸeѕ Ƥerғecт**
7️⃣ Relative Pronouns 🔻What Are #Relative_Pronouns? In English grammar, a #relative_pronoun is a pronoun that introduces an adjective clause (also called a relative clause) which follows a noun: (1) To identify it. The man who won the lottery is outside.…
🔻Who, Which, That, and the Zero Relativizer


"Three #relative_pronouns stand out as being particularly common in English: who, which, and that. The zero relativizer [or dropped relative pronoun] is also relatively common. However, . . . the #relative_pronouns are used in very different ways across registers. For example: In general, the #relative_pronouns that begin with the letters wh- are considered to be more literate. In contrast, the pronoun that and the zero relativizer have a more colloquial flavor and are preferred in conversation."
(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson, 2002)

That and zero are the preferred choices in conversation, although relative clauses are generally rare in that register. Fiction is similar to conversation in its preference for that. In contrast, news shows a much stronger preference for which and who, and academic prose strongly prefers which.


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#relative_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
8️⃣ Reflexive Pronouns


🔻What Are #Reflexive_Pronouns?

In English grammar, a #reflexive_pronoun is a pronoun ending in -self or -selves that's used as an object to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun in a sentence. It can also simply be called a reflexive. They usually follow verbs or prepositions.

#Reflexive_pronouns have the same forms as #Intensive_pronouns (#emphatic_pronouns): myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, oneself, and themselves. Unlike #intensive_pronouns, #reflexive_pronouns are essential to the meaning of a sentence.

John pinched himself.

(The #reflexive_pronoun himself tells us that John did something to John.)

Using a #reflexive_pronoun means you do not have to repeat the subject (shown here in italic). Repeating the subject would be clumsy.

Alison still does not trust herself.
The members argued amongst themselves for an hour.
We often ask ourselves why we left London.

(Note: The subject is known as the antecedent of the #reflexive_pronoun.)

Sometimes, the subject can be implied.

The ability to delude yourself may be an important survival tool.
Never express yourself more clearly than you are able to think.

These could also have been written:

The ability of you to delude yourself may be an important survival tool.
[You should] never express yourself more clearly than you are able to think.


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#reflexive_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
**Ƥracтιce Maĸeѕ Ƥerғecт**
8️⃣ Reflexive Pronouns 🔻What Are #Reflexive_Pronouns? In English grammar, a #reflexive_pronoun is a pronoun ending in -self or -selves that's used as an object to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun in a sentence. It can also simply be called…
🔻Why Should I Care about #Reflexive_Pronouns?

The most common mistake involving #reflexive_pronouns is using one when the subject of the verb is not doing something to itself.

He did it to myself.✖️
I did it to myself.☑️
He did it to himself.☑️

Most often, writers make this mistake because they think myself sounds more #formal than me.
He insulted the doctor and myself.
Please pass any comments to the director or myself.
(This example has an implied subject. "Please [will you] pass any comments to the direct or myself.")
Remember that you cannot be the antecedent of myself. Only I can be the antecedent of myself.)

🔹Here are better versions:👇🏻
He insulted the doctor and me. (but a little awkward sounding)
Please pass any comments to the director or me. (but a little awkward sounding)

Even though the two examples above are correct, they grate on the ear a little, and this doubtless contributes to writers feeling the urge to replace me with myself. Putting me first takes the edge off that ear-grating.

He insulted me and the doctor. (and nicer on the ear)
Please pass any comments to me or the director. (and nicer on the ear)

Ironically, lots of people who mistakenly use myself, yourself, etc. do so believing a #reflexive_pronoun sounds more highbrow than the correct #personal_pronoun (me, you, etc.). This has given rise to the term "ubercorrect" grammar, which includes the use of incorrect terms like "between you and I" and "from my wife and I".

Here's the bottom line! You can only use the word myself when the subject is I.
I love myself.
I asked myself a question.
I did it myself.
(Here, myself is an #emphatic_pronoun (i.e., one used for emphasis) and not a #reflexive_pronoun (i.e., one used to reflect back on the subject), but the "bottom line" rule still applies.)

Myself and yourself are not highbrow alternatives for me and you.😌

#Grammar
#Pronouns
#reflexive_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
9️⃣Intensive (or emphatic) Pronouns


🔻What Are #Intensive_Pronouns?

In English grammar, an #intensive_pronoun is a pronoun ending in -self or -selves that serve to emphasize its antecedent. They are also known as #intensive_reflexive_pronouns.

#Intensive_pronouns often appear as appositives after nouns or other pronouns.

#Intensive_pronouns have the same forms as #reflexive_pronouns. Unlike #reflexive_pronouns, #intensive_pronouns are not essential to the basic meaning of a sentence.

She will do it herself.

(The #intensive_pronoun herself emphasizes that she will do it. Her husband won't do it. Her son won't do it. SHE will do it.)

The boys baked these scones themselves.

(The #intensive_pronoun themselves emphasizes that the boys baked the scones, i.e., not their mothers.)

I heard the lie myself.

(The #intensive_pronoun myself emphasizes that I heard the lie.)

⚠️Note: It's not always about people:

The dog opened the cupboard itself.

You can test if it's an #intensive_pronoun by removing it and seeing if you get the same effect by emphasizing the thing you're trying to emphasize with your voice (shown here in uppercase).

SHE will do it.
I  heard the lie.
THE DOG opened the cupboard.


#Grammar
#Pronouns
#intensive_pronouns

@PMPerfect1
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🔴Bring up the rear


= to be the last in a line or group

🔹Mother led the way, with the children bringing up the rear.


#Phrase
@PMPerfect1
Abroad
#adverb

Since I was small, I've always wanted to go to abroad.✘
Since I was small, I've always wanted to go abroad.

I would like to continue my studies in abroad.✘
I would like to continue my studies abroad.
          
◆◆◆

🔻go/live/be abroad (WITHOUT to, at, in etc)

The only preposition that is used before abroad is FROM:

She came back from abroad saying how much she had missed her home and family.


#Common_mistakes
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⭐️Any port in a storm


= used for saying that you will accept any help or take any opportunity if you are in a bad situation

It’s not an ideal solution, but any port in a storm.

He hates his job, but he can't get another. Any port in a storm, you know.


#Phrase
@PMPerfect1
Approximations (around four o’clock)


When we speak, we often try not to be too exact or factual because it can sound very direct. As a result, we add expressions to make what we say more approximate or vague.

Compare!

I’ve lived here for two years and four months.(This might sound too factual or exact.)

I’ve lived here for almost two and a half years.(This is more approximate and sounds less factual and exact.)

⭕️Before a number

We’ll pick you up around six.

In this country, we usually have dinner at about seven o’clock.

🅰️:How long have you been living here?
🅱️:For about three years.

Roughly 30 people are coming to my graduation party.

Up to 20 people are still missing after the earthquake.

She said she’d call here at or around ten o’clock.

We also use approximation in #formal speech and writing:

The accident occurred at approximately 9 am.

In the region of 40 jobs are to be lost at the factory.

As many as 300 people were on the train when it broke down.

⭕️After a number

🔹Number + -odd:

Forty-odd people turned up at the demonstration. (at least 40 and maybe more)

🅰️:How much oil does the tank hold?
🅱️:I’m not sure. Fifty-odd litres, I’d say. (at least 50 litres and maybe more)

🚫We do not use -odd to talk about time:

It’s about seven o’clock at least.
Not: … seven-odd o’clock …✘

🔹Number + head noun + or so

🅰️:Can I have a lift to town with you?
🅱️:Absolutely. I’ll be leaving in ten minutes or so.

🔹Number + head noun + or something

🅰️:What’s the weight limit for luggage?
🅱️:20 kilos or something.

🔹Number + head noun + or thereabouts (more #formal)

[someone is giving directions]
Once you get to the school, turn left and our house is the first one on the left, half a mile, or thereabouts, up that road.

🔹Number + more or less (#informal_speaking)

This is going to cost four hundred pounds, more or less. (preferred to This is going to cost more or less four hundred pounds.)

🔹Using or between numbers

The bus from the airport usually costs just three or four pounds.

🔹Adding the suffix -ish (#informal_speaking)

🅰️:What time are we going out?
🅱️:I think Linda said that she’d pick us up at sixish.

🅰️:What age are Gabriela’s children?
🅱️:Her daughter is fourish and her son must be at least seven.


#Useful_phrases
@PMPerfect1
◆ The company will not accept to buy new machines.✖️

◆ The company will not agree to buy new machines.✔️
          

You accept someone's advice, opinion, or suggestion

BUT you agree (= say you are willing) to do something.

♦️Compare:

◆ I accepted her suggestion and agreed to see the doctor that evening.

#Common_mistakes
@PMPerfect1
🍁 Cannot stomach someone or something


= not to be able to tolerate someone or something.


I cannot stomach his silly remarks.


#idiom
@PMPerfect1
🔴East, eastern, north, northern etc.


🔹The words east, west etc., are used for clearly defined places.

🔹The words eastern, western etc., are used when we are talking about vague areas.

🔻Compare:

The northern part of the country is hilly.

The north side of the house has four windows.

🔹Capital letters are used at the beginning of East, Eastern, North, Northern etc., when they come in official place names:

South Africa
• the Middle East
North Korea

🔹In other cases these words begin with small letters:

• The sun rises in the east.
• He came from the west.


#Perfect_your_sentences
@PMPerfect1
♦️ACCUSTOMED (adj.)
متعود/معتاد

When accustomed to means 'used to', it is followed by either a noun or a gerund.

He was not accustomed to hard work.

As we had been brought up in the country, we were accustomed to walking long distances.

When accustomed expresses the notion of something being
customary with a person, or of its being generally done
, it is followed by an infinitive.

In those days I was accustomed to take a short walk before breakfast.


#English_prepositional_idioms
#Grammar

@PMPerfect1
Save face
يحتفظ بماء الوجه
و تستخدم بمعنى منعاً للإحراج أو عدم الظهور بمظهر سخيف يفقدك احترام الآخرين لك

= to avoid seeming stupid or feeling embarrassed

🔻We’re looking for a compromise that allows both sides to save face.

Lose face
يفقد ماء الوجه
و تستخدم للتعبير عن فقد احترام الآخرين لك و خصوصاً عندما تفقد السيطرة على موقف ما

= to no longer impress people or be respected by them, especially by showing that you are not in control of a situation

🔻The government will lose face if they do not go ahead with this.


#Phrases
@PMPerfect1
2025/07/09 12:55:02
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