✨The Collective Noun


A collective noun is the name of a group, class, or multitude, and not of a single person, place, or thing.

🔘Examples:

crowd, group, legislature, squadron, sheaf, battalion, squad, Associated Press, Mediterranean Steamship Company, Senior Class, School Board.

The same noun may be abstract in one of its meanings, collective in another.

🔸They believe in fraternity. [Abstract.]

🔸The student joined a fraternity. [Collective.]


#Grammar
https://www.tg-me.com/PMPerfect1

#Tip

Most nouns form the plural number by adding -s or -es to the singular.

Examples:

mat, mats; wave, waves; problem, problems; bough, boughs; John, Johns; nurse, nurses; tense, tenses; bench, benches; dish, dishes; class, classes; fox, foxes.

👌🏻Special Rules:

1. If the singular ends in (-s, -x, -z, -ch, or -sh), the plural ending is -es.

Examples:

loss, losses; box, boxes; buzz, buzzes; match, matches; rush, rushes.

2. Many nouns ending in (-o) preceded by a consonant also take the ending -es in the plural.

Examples:

hero, heroes; cargo, cargoes; potato, potatoes; motto, mottoes; buffalo, buffaloes; mosquito, mosquitoes.

3. Nouns ending in (-o) preceded by a vowel form their plural in -s: as,—cameo, cameos; folio, folios.

4. The following nouns ending in (-o) preceded by a consonant also form their plural in -s:

banjo
bravo
burro
cantocasino
chromo
contralto
duodecimo
dynamo
halo
junto
lasso
memento
octavo
piano
proviso
quarto
solo
soprano
stiletto
torso
tyro
zero


#Spelling
@PMPerfect1

🖇CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS



⚪️Accordingly
◽️لذلك
= as a result of something SYN therefore

♦️The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.
♦️They have broken the rules and will be punished accordingly.

⚪️Consequently
◽️إذن/ بناءاً على ذلك

= as a result SYN therefore

♦️My car broke down and consequently I was late.
♦️They’ve increased the number of staff and consequently the service is better.

⚪️Conversely
◽️العكس بالعكس

= used when one situation is the opposite of another

♦️Conversely, you might say that it is ridiculous.
♦️In real life, nobody was all bad, nor, conversely, all good.

⚪️Certainly
◽️بالتأكيد/ دون شك

= without any doubt SYN definitely

♦️The design certainly looks good on paper.
♦️A generation ago genetic codes were certainly unknown.

⚪️Elsewhere
◽️بمكان آخر

= in, at, or to another place

♦️She is becoming famous in America and elsewhere.
♦️Can you find anything like this elsewhere?

⚪️Equally
◽️بالتساوي/ على حد السواء/ مناصفة

= in a way that is fair and is the same for everyone

♦️Diet and exercise are equally important.
♦️The money raised will be divided equally between the charities.

⚪️Henceforth
◽️من الآن فصاعداً

= from this time into the future

♦️Foreigners were henceforth to be encouraged to come and live in Spain.
♦️Henceforth, attendance will be taken in all classes.

⚪️Incidentally
◽️بالمناسبة

= used to add more information to what you have just said, or to introduce a new subject that you have just thought of SYN by the way

♦️Incidentally, I wanted to have a word with you about your expenses claim.
♦️Incidentally, she was a very popular mayor.

⚪️Meanwhile
◽️إبان/ خلال/ في غضون

= from now until a time or event in the future

♦️My mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.
♦️They’re still working on our bedroom. Meanwhile, we’re sleeping downstairs.

⚪️Namely
◽️أي/ أعني

= used for introducing more detailed information about a subject that you are discussing

♦️I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed.
♦️Only one boy was absent, namely Harry.

⚪️Nonetheless
◽️و مع ذلك/ على الرغم من ذلك

= despite what has just been said. The more usual word is nevertheless.

♦️There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.
♦️There are possible risks, but nonetheless, we feel it’s a sound investment.

⚪️Otherwise
◽️و إلا

= used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done

♦️You’ll have to go now, otherwise you’ll miss your bus.
♦️Put your coat on, otherwise you’ll get cold.

⚪️Regardless
◽️مهما يكن/ بغض أو بصرف النظر عن

= without being affected or influenced by anything else that happens or exists

♦️It seemed an impossible task at times, but we carried on, regardless.
♦️The building work will proceed regardless of whether there is an agreement.

⚪️Similarly
◽️و بالمثل

= used for showing that two ideas are related or connected

♦️The children were similarly dressed.
♦️Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.

⚪️Subsequently
◽️بعد ذلك/ من ثم/ بالتالي

= after something else happened

♦️He subsequently became chairman of the party.
♦️The disease subsequently spread to the rest of the country.

⚪️Thereafter
◽️بعدئذ/ بعد ذلك/ منذ ذلك الحين فصاعداً

= after a particular event or time SYN afterwards

♦️She was born in France, but shortly thereafter her family moved to the United States.
♦️Thereafter he wrote articles for papers and magazines in London.


#Conjunctive_adverbs
#Grammar
@PMPerfect1

🔴 FAR (with comparison)


It’s used for emphasizing a difference when you are making a comparison

🔘far more/bigger/better etc (=much more, bigger etc):

✨The situation is bad in England, but it is far worse in Scotland.

✨The Prime Minister is far more interested in the vote.

🔘far above/below (=much more or less than something):

✨There are more than 97 signatures, which is far above the required number.

✨The results were far below our expectations.

🔘far too much/big/easy etc (=much too much, much too big etc):

✨The issue is far too important to be discussed behind closed doors.

✨You eat far too much.


#Grammar
@PMPerfect1

✨Inversion

#Grammar
@PMPerfect1

✨✨جديدنا لكم دائماً كل ما هو مفيد و مثمر ✨✨



قناة "كيف تقول باللغة الإنجليزية"!🗣


فضلاً لا أمراً ... انضم و شارك الرابط مع أصدقائك. 😊👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAEpbg3ou0ZIIe_g54w

@HowTo_Say

💢#Proud /praʊd/ BrE AmE #adjective


#Metaphor


   ✨Being too proud, and thinking that you are better than other people, is like being high up. Being humble is like being low down.

🔺I can’t stand that superior attitude of his!

🔺They look down on everyone who isn’t as rich as they are.

🔺She’s got very uppity since she was promoted.

🔺Despite his great wealth, he’s not at all stuck-up.

🔺She treated other people with lofty disdain.

🔺They look down their noses at people like us.

🔺I don’t know why you’re being so high and mighty all of a sudden.

🔻He rose from lowly origins.

🔻His family snubbed her because she was low-born.

🔻We were taught to look up to people from a higher class.

🔻The way you crawl to him makes me sick.

🔻I’m not going to abase myself before anyone.

🔻They regarded ordinary working people as their social inferiors.


#Phrases
@PMPerfect1

🛑ACROSS 🆚 OVER 🆚 THROUGH


🔻ACROSS = from one side to the other of a surface area

🔹They're laying a pipeline across Siberia.

🔻OVER = on or above a surface, not necessarily from one side to the other

🔹We skated over the frozen lake.

🔻THROUGH = movement within a solid or enclosing medium

🔹Water flows through this pipe.
🔹It was difficult to cut through the forest.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑 ADOPTED 🆚 ADAPTED 🆚 ADJUSTED


🔻ADOPTED = taken and used

🔹We have adopted the same sort of assembly methods they use in Japan.

🔻ADAPTED = changed it to suit our needs; become used to

🔹I have found it difficult to adapt (myself) to living in the country after living in a large city.

🔻ADJUSTED = change it in order to correct it

🔹 The picture is out of focus. Could you adjust it slightly please?


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑 AFFAIRS 🆚 BUSINESS


🔻AFFAIRS = matters connected with my private or professional life

🔹 You can keep your nose out of my affairs.

🔻BUSINESS = work to do with buying and selling

🔹 Business hasn't been doing very well lately.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑 ACCEPT 🆚 ALLOW 🆚 ADMIT


🔻ACCEPT = let me join

🔹I applied to join the club, but they won't accept me.

🔻ALLOW/ ADMIT = give someone the right to go in = let me go in

🔹They won't admit anyone to the theatre/ allow anyone into the theatre after the performance has started.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑 IN MY OPINION 🆚 ACCORDING TO


🔻IN MY OPINION = in my personal opinion

🔹In my opinion, scientists take a pessimistic view.

🔻ACCORDING TO = as stated by other people

🔹According to many scientists, the level of the oceans is rising.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑PAIN 🆚 HURT 🆚 ACHE


🔻IT PAINS ME = makes me feel sad

🔹It pains me to recall my schooldays.

🔻HURT = you feel pain, possibly from injury; injured

🔹My head hurts. (intransitive use)

🔹I hurt my foot. (transitive use)

🔻ACHE (intransitive) = you feel dull, constant pain

🔹My head aches.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

🛑 ADMIT (TO) 🆚 ADMIT + OBJECT


🔻ADMIT (TO) = confess

🔹Sally admits to using your computer.

🔹Sally admits using/that she used your computer.

🔻ADMIT + OBJECT = agree something is true

🔹The man admitted his guilt to the police.


#Right_word_wrong_word
#Vocabulary
@PMPerfect1

✨Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody


This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody.


There was an important job to be done and Everybody was asked to do it. Everybody was sure Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done!


@PMPerfect1

✨يتحاشى/يتجنب

✨Shy away

➖I am shy away from negative people.

➖We must not shy away from our responsibilities.

@HowTo_Say

🔢 Writing Numbers


✨Always spell out numbers at the beginning of sentences:

🔻15 people took selfies last year in dangerous situations.✖️

🔹Fifteen people took selfies.✔️

✨When you have a list of numbers, be consistent regardless of how many each one indicates:

🔻Our colleagues have worked here for two, 5, and twelve years,
respectively.✖️

🔹for two, five, and twelve years is consistent.✔️

✨When it comes to writing fractions, hyphenate when spelled out, but do not use an apostrophe:

🔻I like three fourth’s of his songs.✖️

🔹I like three-fourths of his songs.✔️


➕Bonus:

⚪️ Ordinal numbers tell the order of things (first , second , third , etc.), whereas cardinal numbers count: one, two, three, and beyond.

⚪️ Few people actually write out sentences such as “This is the twenty-six thousandth time I have told you.” We might say these words, but we rarely write them. Instead, we usually write sentences such as “I have told you 26,000 times.”


#Writing_tips
@PMPerfect1

🔻 كورس إسبيكنج من يودومي مساحتة 12.8 جيجا يحتوي علي كتاب 500 صفحة لشرح ميكانيكية إمتحان الإسبيكنج و يحتوي الكتاب على إسكريبت للفيديوهات و 154 فيديو بأمثلة عملية لشرح طريقة إمتحان الإسبيكنج.

🔻An amazing speaking course from UDEMY - the course contains 154 videos with practical examples to explain the different sections of IELTS speaking test and pdf book for the videos scripts and explanation for the related vocabulary.


✨لتحميل الفيديوهات:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1DEsyah6Q2UCgoyyqJD5K_HPgDwvYnQED

✨لتحميل الكتاب pdf:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/12cvKrBHwn1nHSSm3At2EJgSyprrjBF39/view?fbclid=IwAR1PNyIVl4vNJi7uzytEvusi6FaNeskNWS4aNqlJvcM6lMLzpUSYk6_tARY)


@PMPerfect1