Compared with the holy trinity of reading, writing, and arithmetic, music is …...1……. as a luxury pastime. As a result, children are …...2……. schools not only totally ignorant of their own musical …...3……., but lacking in social, physical, and mental skills which musical performance can uniquely …...4…….. Playing an instrument …...5……. a degree of concentration and coordination.

a) promote b) impartial c) regarded d) heritage e) leaving f) inquisitively g) requires


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✅Answers:

1. regarded (v.) : to consider or have an opinion about something or someone. در نظر گرفتن
2. leaving (v.) : to go away from someone or something, for a short time or permanently. ترک کردن
3. heritage (n.) : features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages or buildings, which still exist from the past and which have a historical importance.میراث
4. promote (v.) : to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something.ترویج دادن
5. requires (v.) : to need or make necessary.نیاز داشتن – لازم بودن

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. regarded : In the present simple, the passive is: am / is / are + past participle (3rd form of the verb). The Sentence lacks a subject and has the structure of the passive voice. Based on the meaning and the tense, “regarded” is the right answer.
2. leaving : Based on the auxiliary “are” and the lack of main verb, we can realize that the tense of the sentence is Present Continuous and the structure in this tense is formed by putting am/is/are before the -ing form of the verb. Based on the meaning and the form of the verb, “leaving” is the right answer.
3. heritage : Since the Adjective’s main function is to describe and modify nouns, “musical” as an adjective is followed by the noun it modifies. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “heritage”.
4. promote : The word “can” is a modal verb and modal verbs cannot be used on their own. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. Based on the meaning, “promote” is the right verb.
5. requires : The sentence lacks a main verb and based on the subject-verb agreement principles, the phrase “Playing an instrument” as the singular subject of the sentence demands a singular verb. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles and the meaning, “requires” is the right answer.

❇️تحلیل»

۱. ساختار جمله مجهول در حال ساده (present simple - passive) برابر است با: am/is/are + past participle. جمله فاقد فاعل (subject) است و ساختار مجهول (passive) دارد. براساس معنا و زمان فعل،“regarded” پاسخ صحیح است.
۲. براساس فعل کمکی “are” و عدم وجود فعل اصلی، می توانیم تشخیص دهیم که زمان جمله “Present Continuous” می باشد و ساختار در این زمان با قرار دادن am/is/are قبل از شکل -ing فعل ساخته می شود. براساس معنا و شکل فعل، پاسخ صحیح “leaving” می باشد.
۳. از آنجایی که کارکرد اصلی صفت توصیف و اصلاح اسم (noun) می باشد، “musical” به عنوان یک صفت با یک اسم که آن را توصیف می کند ادامه یافته است. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “heritage” می باشد.
۴. واژه “can” یک modal verb است و آنها نمی توانند به تنهایی استفاده شوند. بعد از یک modal verb، بطورکلی شکل اصلی فعل استفاده می شود. براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “promote” می باشد.
۵. جمله فاقد فعل اصلی می باشد و عبارت “Playing an instrument” به عنوان فاعل مفرد نیازمند یک فعل مفرد است. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل و معنا، “requires” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.

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Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has ……1…… crept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 per cent of the dry land in agricultural use in Africa has ……2…… over the last 30 years. ……3…… have become more prolonged and more ……4……, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert ……5…… into Botswana and parts of South Africa.

a) drought b) deteriorated c) emerge d) comprise e) advances f) steadily g) severe


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✅Answers:

1. steadily (adv.) : in a regular and even manner.به طور پیوسته
2. deteriorated (v.) : become progressively worse.رو به زوال رفتن – بدتر شدن
3. Drought (n.) : a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.خشکسالی
4. severe (adj.) : (of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense.شدید
5. advances (v.) : move forward in a purposeful way.پیش رفتن – جلو رفتن

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. steadily : One of the functions of adverbs is to modify verbs. The verb “crept” is preceded and modified by the adverb “steadily”. Since it is the only adverb available among our choices, it is the right answer.
2. deteriorated : Based on the auxiliary verb “has”, we can realize that the tense of the sentence is Present Perfect and the structure in this tense is formed by putting has/have before the past participle form of the verb. Based on the meaning and the form of the verb, “deteriorated” is the right answer.
3. Drought : The sentence lacks a subject and nouns can be used as subjects. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “Drought”.
4. severe : A coordinating conjunction such as “and” is a word that joins two elements of equal grammatical rank and syntactic importance and therefore they can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. Since “prolonged” is an adjective, the word that follows the conjunction “and” is also an adjective. Based on the meaning the right adjective is “severe”.
5. advances : Based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “Kalahari desert” as the singular subject demands a singular verb and therefore “advances” is the right verb.

❇️تحلیل»

۱. یکی از کارکرد های adverb توصیف کردن فعل می باشد. فعل “crept” در ادامه قید “steadily” آمده و توسطش توصیف شده است. همچنین “steadily” تنها گزینه adverb ما می باشد.
۲. زمان جمله “Present Perfect” می باشد و ساختار در این زمان با قرار دادن has/have قبل از شکل سوم فعل (past participle) ساخته می شود. براساس معنا و شکل فعل، پاسخ صحیح “deteriorated” می باشد.
۳. جمله فاقد یک فاعل می باشد و اسم ها می توانند به عنوان فاعل استفاده شوند. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “Drought” می باشد.
۴. حرف ربط همپایه (coordinating conjunction) مانند “and” کلمه ای است که دو عنصر از درجه دستوری برابر و اهمیت نحوی را پیوند می زند و بنابراین می توانند دو فعل، دو اسم، دو صفت، دو عبارت یا دو بند را بهم متصل کنند. از آنجایی که “prolonged” یک صفت است، کلمه ای که بعد از حرف ربط همپایه (conjunction) “and” آمده است نیز صفت می باشد. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “severe” می باشد.
۵. براساس اصول توافقی فاعل-فعل، عبارت “Kalahari desert” به عنوان فاعل مفرد خواستار یک فعل مفرد است، بنابراین پاسخ صحیح “advances”می باشد.

#RFIB_Analysis_New284

The Singapore subway was the first to be …...1……. with the …...2……. of PSDs. The original purpose was to reduce high air-conditioning costs in underground stations. Since then, there has been more and more focus on the safety aspects of this device, as it can …...3……. people from …...4……. falling or being pushed onto the track. PSDs also keep the station platforms quieter and cleaner and allow trains to enter stations at higher rates of speed. The subway system in Hong Kong was the first to have PSDs added to an already …...5……. system.

a) inclusion b) sustains c) existing d) built e) prevent f) stimulates g) accidentally


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✅Answers:

1. built (v.) : construct (something) by putting parts or material together.ساختن
2. inclusion (n.) : the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure.شمول - گنجایش
3. prevent (v.) : keep (something) from happening or arising.جلوگیری کردن – مانع شدن
4. accidentally (adv.) : by chance; inadvertently. به طور تصادفی
5. existing (adj.) : in existence or operation at the time under consideration; current.موجود

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. built : The sentence lacks a verb and after the base form of to-be “be” the past participle form of the main verb is used. Based on the meaning and tense “built” is the right verb. Extra tip: Modal verbs + be + past participle
2. inclusion : After the definite article “the” and before the preposition “of” a noun is used and based on the meaning of the word “inclusion”, it is the right noun.
3. prevent : The word “can” is a modal verb and modal verbs cannot be used on their own. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. Based on the meaning, “prevent” is the right verb.
4. accidentally : One of the functions of adverbs is to modify verbs. The verb “falling” is preceded and modified by the adverb “accidentally”. Since it is the only adverb available among our choices, it is the right answer.
5. existing : Attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “system” as a noun is preceded and described by an adjective “existing”. Based on the meaning, “existing” is the right adjective.

❇️تحلیل»

۱. جمله فاقد فعل می باشد و بعد از شکل اصلی to-be که “be” می باشد شکل سوم (past participle) فعل اصلی استفاده شده است. براساس معنا و زمان، فعل صحیح “built” می باشد. نکته: modal verb + be + past participle
۲. بعد از حرف تعریف معین “the” و قبل از حرف اضافه “of” از یک اسم (noun) استفاده شده است. بر اساس معنای لغت “inclusion” پاسخ صحیح است.
۳. واژه “can” یک modal verb است و آنها نمی توانند به تنهایی استفاده شوند. بعد از یک modal verb، بطورکلی شکل اصلی فعل استفاده می شود. براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “prevent” می باشد.
۴. یکی از کارکرد های adverb توصیف کردن فعل می باشد. فعل “lived” در ادامه قید “accidentally” آمده و توسطش توصیف شده است. همچنین “accidentally” تنها گزینه adverb ما می باشد.
۵.یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “system” به عنوان اسم (noun) در ادامه یک صفت که “existing” می باشد آمده و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “existing” می باشد.

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Knowledge is also …...1……. into systems that allow professionals of any kind and level to move around the world in the employ of multinational companies much more easily than in the past. So it …...2……. less and less where people are from, where they are working, or where they move to. The same rules and systems …...3……. to all. With this knowledge-based industry now …...4……. established, mainly as a result of the internet, economies and people have to move on to another level of …...5……..

a) competition b) firmly c) matters d) dormant e) impartial f) packaged g) apply


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✅Answers:

1. packaged (v.) : present (someone or something) in a particular way, especially to make them more attractive. بسته بندی کردن
2. matters (v.) : to be important, or to affect what happens. اهمیت داشتن
3. apply (v.) : (especially of rules or laws) to have a connection or be important. اعمال شدن
4. firmly (adv.) : strongly and tightly. بطور محکم
5. competition (n.) : when someone is trying to win something or be more successful than someone else. مسابقه

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. packaged : In the present simple, the passive is: am / is / are + past participle (3rd form of the verb). The Sentence lacks a subject and has the structure of the passive voice. Based on the meaning and the tense, “packaged” is the right answer.
2. matters : The sentence lacks a main verb and based on the subject-verb agreement principles, the word “it” as the singular subject of the sentence demands a singular verb. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles and the meaning, “matters” is the right answer.
3. apply : The sentence lacks a main verb and based on the subject-verb agreement principles, the word “systems” as the plural subject of the sentence demands a plural verb. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles and the meaning, “systems” is the right answer.
4. firmly : One of the functions of adverbs is to modify verbs. The verb “established” is preceded and modified by the adverb “firmly”. Based on the structure and the meaning, it is the right answer.
5. competition : After the preposition “of” a noun is used and based on the meaning of the word “competition”, it is the right noun.

❇️تحلیل»

۱. ساختار جمله مجهول در حال ساده (present simple - passive) برابر است با: am/is/are + past participle. جمله فاقد فاعل (subject) است و ساختار مجهول (passive) دارد. براساس معنا و زمان فعل،“ packaged” پاسخ صحیح است.
۲. جمله فاقد فعل اصلی می باشد و “it” به عنوان فاعل مفرد نیازمند یک فعل مفرد است. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل و معنا، “matters” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
۳. جمله فاقد فعل اصلی می باشد و“systems” به عنوان فاعل جمع نیازمند یک فعل جمع است. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل و معنا، “apply” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
۴. یکی از کارکرد های adverb توصیف کردن فعل می باشد. فعل “established” بعد از قید “firmly” آمده و توسطش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا و ساختار گزینه صحیح “firmly” می باشد.
۵. بعد از حرف اضافه “of” از یک اسم (noun) استفاده شده است. بر اساس معنای لغت “competition” پاسخ صحیح است.

#RFIB_Analysis_New312

#LFIB_NEW21.mp3

So what happened? Well, we know for certain that as ...1... as the 1800s –that ‘s just 200 years ago –lions were being hunted to ...2... in some parts of the world, sometimes just for sport. But long before that, about 10,000 years ago, lions started to ...3... from various ...4... of the globe. Scientists believe there was the usual battle with our human ...5... for food, in the form of other, smaller ...6... , with many lions also being killed to make clothing so .....
#LFIB _ New21

✅ Answer:
1. recently, 2. extinction, 3. disappear, 4. corners 5. ancestors, 6. creatures.
#LFIB _ New21

I ‘d like to start with some general advice about being an ...1... . Most of you have very little or no ...2... of working for a big ...3... and the first week or so may be quite ...4... . There will be a lot of new information to take in but don’t worry too much about trying to remember everything. The important thing is to check with someone if you’re not sure what to do –you’ll find your ...5... is very ...6... and won’t mind explaining things or helping you out.
#LFIB _ New17

✅ Answer:
1. apprentice, 2. experience, 3. organisation, 4. challenging, 5. supervisor , 6. approachable.
#LFIB _ New17

#lfib_new12.mp3

After the ...1.... we’ll go to Australia for a piece by Ross Edwards : The Tower of Remoteness. According to Edwards, the ...2.... for this piece came from nature, when he was sitting alone in the dry bed of a creek, ...3..... by the leaves of ...4.... trees, listening to the birds and insects. The Tower of Remoteness is scored for piano and ...5.... . Edwards says he realised years after writing the piece that he had ...6.... modelled its opening phrase on a bird call.
# LFIB _ New12