Film sound …...1……. conventions and innovations. We have to expect an …...2……. of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often …...3……. conceived. The effects of sound are often largely …...4……. and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to …...5……. an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century – the modern film.

a) brilliantly b) podium c) comprises d) saboteur e) foster f) acceleration g) subtle

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✅Answers:

1. comprises (v.) : consist of; be made up of.در برداشتن – شامل بودن
2. acceleration (n.) : increase in the rate or speed of something.شتاب – افزایش سرعت
3. brilliantly (adv.) : in an exceptionally clever or talented way.بطور هوشمندانه
4. subtle (adj.) : (especially of a change or distinction) so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.لطیف و دقیق
5. foster (v.) : encourage or promote the development of (something, typically something regarded as good).پرورش دادن

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. comprises: “sound” as the third person subject of the sentence demands a singular verb and “comprises” is the only third person singular verb possible. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “comprises” is the right answer.
2. acceleration : A determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after. “an” as an indefinite determiner, used mainly for singular nouns, is followed by a singular noun. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “acceleration”.
3. brilliantly : One of the functions of adverbs is to modify verbs. The verb “conceived” is preceded and modified by the adverb “brilliantly”. Since it is the only adverb available among our choices, it is the right answer.
4. subtle : Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns they modify, but when used with linking verbs, such as the different forms of to-be or sense verbs, they are placed after the verb. This type of verb links the subject of the sentence with an adjective or noun. These adjectives are called predicative adjectives. After the linking verb “are” and the adverb “largely” an adjective can be placed. Based on the meaning, the right adjective is “subtle”.
5. foster : After the infinitive maker “to” the base form of the verb is used and based on the meaning “foster” is the right verb.

❇️تحلیل»

1. واژه “sound” به عنوان فاعل سوم شخص مفرد نیازمند یک فعل مفرد است و “comprises” تنها گزینه فعل سوم شخص می باشد. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل، “comprises” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
2. یک determiner واژه ای است که اسم (noun) را معرفی می کند.یک determiner همیشه قبل از اسم (noun) می آید، نه بعد از آن. “an” به عنوان determiner نا معین (indefinite determiner)، که بطور کلی برای اسم های مفرد استفاده می شود، با یک اسم مفرد ادامه یافته است. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “acceleration” می باشد.
3. یکی از کارکرد های قید توصیف کردن فعل می باشد. فعل “conceived” در ادامه قید“brilliantly” آمده و توسطش توصیف شده است. از آنجایی که “brilliantly” تنها گزینه قید ما می باشد، پاسخ صحیح است.
4. صفت ها معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کنند قرار می گیرند، اما وقتی با فعل ربط (linking verbs) همانند شکل های مختلف فعل to-be یا فعل های sense استفاده شوند، بعد از فعل قرار می گیرند. این گونه از فعل، فاعل را به صفت یا اسم مرتبط و متصل می کند. این صفت ها predicative adjectives نامیده می شوند. بعد از فعل ربط “are” و قید “largely”، یک صفت می تواند قرار گیرد. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “subtle” می باشد.
5. بعد از مصدر ساز ‘to’ یک فعل در شکل اصلی اش استفاده می شود و براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “foster” می باشد.

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While local gulls will dive …...1……. for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern …...2……. distraction because it is driven at that moment by an …...3……. sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is …...4……. to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided …...5……. is arrival.

a) revitalize b) instinctive c) resists d) intent e) lurk f) determined g) voraciously

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✅Answers:

1. voraciously (adv.) : in a way that is very eager to have a lot of something. بی وقفه
2. resists (v.) : to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do. مقاومت کردن
3. instinctive (adj.) : (of behavior or actions) not thought about, planned, or learned. غریزی
4. determined (v.) : cause (something) to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in. تعیین کردن – مشخص کردن
5. intent (n.) : the fact that you want and plan to do something. قصد

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. voraciously : One of the functions of adverbs is to modify verbs. The verb “dive” is preceded and modified by the adverb “voraciously”. Since it is the only adverb available among our choices, it is the right answer.
2. resists : based on the subject-verb agreement principles, the subject and verb must agree in number and inflection. “tern” as the third person singular subject of the sentence demands a singular verb and “resists” is the only third person singular verb possible and therefore it is the right answer.
3. instinctive : An attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “sense” as a noun is preceded and described by an adjective “instinctive”. Based on the meaning “instinctive” is the right adjective.
4. determined : In the present simple, the passive is: am / is / are + past participle (3rd form of the verb). The Sentence lacks a subject and has the structure of the passive voice. Based on the meaning and the tense, “determined” is the right answer.
5. intent : Since the Adjective’s main function is to describe and modify nouns, “undivided” as an adjective is followed by the noun it modifies. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “intent”.


❇️تحلیل»

1. یکی از کارکرد های قید توصیف کردن فعل می باشد. فعل ‘dive’ در ادامه قید “voraciously” آمده و توسطش توصیف شده است. از آنجایی که ‘voraciously’ تنها گزینه قید ما می باشد، پاسخ صحیح است.
2. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل، فاعل و فعل باید براساس مفرد/جمع و اول/سوم شخص تناسب داشته باشد. واژه “tern” به عنوان فاعل سوم شخص مفرد در این جمله نیازمند فعل مفرد می باشد که “resists” براساس معنا و تنها گزینه فعل سوم شخص، جواب صحیح می باشد.
3. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “sense” به عنوان یک اسم (noun) با یک صفت که “instinctive” می باشد ادامه یافته و توسطش توصیف شده است.براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “instinctive” می باشد.
4. ساختار جمله مجهول در حال ساده (present simple - passive) برابر است با: am/is/are + past participle. جمله فاقد فاعل است و ساختار مجهول دارد.براساس معنا و زمان (tense)، پاسخ صحیح ‘determined’ است.
5. از آنجایی که کارکرد اصلی صفت توصیف و اصلاح اسم (noun) می باشد، واژه “undivided” به عنوان یک صفت در ادامه اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند آمده است. براساس معنا، اسم (noun) صحیح “intent” می باشد.

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I realized this anew when I was invited to speak before a class in marketing, which is another of our degree programs. The regular …...1……. is a colleague who …...2……. the kind of …...3……. perspective I can bring as a philosopher. There are endless ways I could have …...4……. this …...5……., but I took my cue from the title of the course: ‘Principles of Marketing’. It made me think to ask the students, ‘Is marketing principled?’

a) ethical b) assignment c) elude d) approached e) indubitably f) instructor g) appreciates

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✅Answers:

1. instructor (n.) : a person who teaches something.معلم – یاد دهنده
2. appreciates (v.) : to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it. قدردانی کردن
3. ethical (adj.) : relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.اخلاقی
4. approached (v.) : to make advances to especially in order to create a desired result.نزدیک شدن – به سمت چیزی رفتن
5. assignment (n.) : a piece of work given to someone, typically as part of their studies or job.وظیفه – ماموریت

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. instructor : Since the Adjective’s main function is to describe and modify nouns, “regular” as an adjective is followed by the noun it modifies. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “instructor”.
2. appreciates : Based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “colleague” as the third person singular subject demands a third person singular verb and therefore “appreciates” is the right verb.
3. ethical : An attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “perspective” as a noun is preceded and described by an adjective “ethical”. Based on the meaning, “ethical” is the right adjective.
4. approached : When ordinary modals become perfect modals, they often express possibility, even if the ordinary modals suggested other things. The ordinary modals of ability are (can) and (could). The perfect modal of ability is (could have + past participle). Based on the auxiliary “could have”, “approached” is the right answer.
5. assignment : The determiner “this” refers to a singular noun that is near, we also use “this” for uncountable nouns that we treat as singular. The noun that follows must be written as a singular noun. Based on the meaning, “assignment “ is the right noun.

❇️تحلیل»

1. از آنجایی که کارکرد اصلی صفت توصیف و اصلاح اسم (noun) می باشد، واژه “regular” به عنوان یک صفت با یک اسم که آن را توصیف می کند ادامه یافته است. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “instructor” می باشد.
2. براساس اصول توافقی فاعل-فعل، واژه “colleague” به عنوان فاعل سوم شخص مفرد خواستار یک فعل سوم شخص مفرد است، بنابراین پاسخ صحیح “appreciates”می باشد.
3. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “perspective” به عنوان یک اسم (noun) با یک صفت که “ethical” می باشد ادامه یافته و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “ethical” می باشد.
4. هنگامی که modal های معمولی تبدیل به modal های perfect می شوند، اغلب امکان را بیان می کنند، حتی اگر modal های معمولی چیزهای دیگری را نشان دهند. modal های معمولی توانایی can و could می باشند. modal های perfect توانایی could have + past participle می باشد. براساس فعل کمکی “could have”، پاسخ صحیح “approached” می باشد.
5. تعیین کننده “this” اشاره به یک اسم (noun) مفرد دارد که در نزدیکی قرار دارد. ما همچنین از “this” برای اسم های غیر قابل شمارش که با آنها به شکل مفرد رفتار می کنیم، استفاده می کنیم. اسمی که در ادامه آمده باید به صورت اسم مفرد نوشته شود. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “assignment” می باشد.

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Why does music make us feel? On the one hand, music is a …...1……. abstract art form, devoid of language or …...2……. ideas. And yet, even though music says little, it still manages to touch us deeply. When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all the symptoms of emotional arousal. The pupils in our eyes …...3……., our pulse and blood pressure rise, the electrical …...4……. of our skin is lowered, and the cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily movement, becomes strangely active. Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound …...5……. us at our biological roots.

a) conductance b) dilate c) extravagantly d) explicit e) forbade f) stirs g) purely

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✅Answers:

1. purely (adv.) : in a pure manner. صرفاً – خالصانه
2. explicit (adj.) : stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.صریح – روشن و واضح
3. dilate (v.) : make or become wider, larger, or more open.گشاد شدن – منبسط شدن
4. conductance (n.) : the degree to which an object conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current that flows to the potential difference present.رسانایی – میزان و قدرت رسانایی و انتقال
5. stirs (v.) : to rouse to activity : evoke strong feelings in. برانگیختن احساسات شدید – تحریک کردن

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❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. purely : The word “abstract” as the adjective is preceded and modified by an adverb and based on the meaning “purely” is the right adverb.
2. explicit : An attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “ideas” as a noun is preceded and described by an adjective “explicit”. Based on the meaning, “explicit” is the right adjective.
3. dilate : Based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “pupils” as the plural subject demands a plural verb and therefore “dilate” is the right verb.
4. conductance : Since the Adjective’s main function is to describe and modify nouns, “electrical” as an adjective is followed by the noun it modifies. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “conductance”.
5. stirs : “sound” as the third person subject of the sentence demands a singular verb and “stirs” is the only third person singular verb possible. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “stirs” is the right answer.

❇️تحلیل»

1. واژه “abstract” به عنوان صفت در ادامه یک adverb آمده و توصیف شده توسط آن است و براساس معنا “purely” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
2. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “ideas” به عنوان یک اسم (noun) با یک صفت که “explicit” می باشد ادامه یافته و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “explicit” می باشد.
3. . براساس اصول توافقی فاعل-فعل، واژه “pupils”به عنوان فاعل جمع خواستار یک فعل جمع است، بنابراین پاسخ صحیح “dilate”می باشد.
4. از آنجایی که کارکرد اصلی صفت توصیف و اصلاح اسم (noun) می باشد، واژه “electrical” به عنوان یک صفت با یک اسم که آن را توصیف می کند ادامه یافته است. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “conductance” می باشد.
5. واژه “sound” به عنوان فاعل سوم شخص مفرد نیازمند یک فعل مفرد است و “stirs” تنها گزینه فعل سوم شخص می باشد. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل، “stirs” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
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#LFIB_NEW21.mp3

So what happened? Well, we know for certain that as ...1... as the 1800s –that ‘s just 200 years ago –lions were being hunted to ...2... in some parts of the world, sometimes just for sport. But long before that, about 10,000 years ago, lions started to ...3... from various ...4... of the globe. Scientists believe there was the usual battle with our human ...5... for food, in the form of other, smaller ...6... , with many lions also being killed to make clothing so .....
#LFIB _ New21

✅ Answer:
1. recently, 2. extinction, 3. disappear, 4. comers, 5. ancestors, 6. creatures.
#LFIB _ New21

I ‘d like to start with some general advice about being an ...1... . Most of you have very little or no ...2... of working for a big ...3... and the first week or so may be quite ...4... . There will be a lot of new information to take in but don’t worry too much about trying to remember everything. The important thing is to check with someone if you’re not sure what to do –you’ll find your ...5... is very ...6... and won’t mind explaining things or helping you out.
#LFIB _ New17

✅ Answer:
1. apprentice, 2. experience, 3. organisation, 4. challenging, 5. supervisor , 6. approachable.
#LFIB _ New17

#LFIB_NEW16.mp3

Atlit-Yam may have been destroyed ...1... by a tsunami, or climate change may have caused ...2.... to melt and sea levels to rise, flooding the village ...3... . Whatever the cause, it now lies ten meters below the surface of the Mediterranean, ...4... under sand at the bottom of the sea. It’s been described as the largest and best preserved prehistoric ...5.... ever found on the ...6... .
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