🔰 S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) 🔰

Citation: (1994) 3 SCC 1

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💰 Background

Several state governments were dismissed under Article 356 (President’s Rule).

The issue was whether state dismissal was constitutional.

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💰 Issues

Scope of Article 356 – can it be used arbitrarily?

Whether federalism is part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

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💰 Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ State governments cannot be dismissed arbitrarily.

⚖️ Secularism and federalism are part of the basic structure.

⚖️ Judicial review can examine the validity of proclamation under Article 356.

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💰 Significance

Strengthened federalism in India.

Limited misuse of President’s Rule by the Union government.

🔰 K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 🔰

Citation: (2017) 10 SCC 1

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💎 Background

Challenge to Aadhaar scheme over privacy concerns.

Petitioners argued that privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21.

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💎 Issues

Is Right to Privacy part of Fundamental Rights?

Can state collect personal data without safeguards?

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💎 Judgment

Unanimous bench held:

⚖️ Right to privacy is intrinsic to Article 21 (Life & Liberty).

⚖️ Includes autonomy, dignity, informational privacy and bodily integrity.

⚖️ Restrictions must be lawful, necessary and proportionate.

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💎 Significance

Landmark Right to Privacy judgment.

Basis for later rulings on data protection, LGBTQ+ rights, reproductive rights, etc.

🔰 M.C. Mehta Cases – Environmental Law 🔰

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a) M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987) – Ganga Pollution Case

🔷 Factories discharged untreated effluents into river Ganga.

🔷 Court applied polluter pays principle and absolute liability for hazardous industries.

🔷 Landmark for environmental protection under Article 21.

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b) M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1986) – Taj Trapezium Case

🔶 Pollution threatening Taj Mahal.

🔶 Court restricted polluting industries, enforcing environmental safeguards.

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🔲 Significance

Established environmental rights as part of right to life (Article 21).

Introduced principles like precautionary principle, polluter pays and sustainable development.

🔰 I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) 🔰

Citation: (2007) 2 SCC 1

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⚙️ Background

Challenge to 9th Schedule laws shielding land reform acts from judicial review.

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⚙️ Judgment

Supreme Court held:

⚖️ Basic structure is immune from amendments, even via 9th Schedule.

⚖️ Judicial review applies to all laws, including 9th Schedule after 1973 (Kesavananda).

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⚙️ Significance

Reinforced basic structure doctrine.

Prevented arbitrary immunity of laws from judicial scrutiny.