🔰 Joint Sitting of Both Houses of Parliament 🔰

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🚀 Constitutional Provision

Article 108 of Indian Constitution.

A mechanism to resolve a deadlock between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha over the passage of an ordinary bill.

Presided over by the Speaker of Lok Sabha (or Deputy Speaker; in his absence, the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha).

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🚀 When is a Joint Sitting Summoned?

The President may summon a Joint Sitting if a bill (other than Money Bill/Constitution Amendment Bill) has been rejected or delayed by the Houses:

🚦If one House rejects the bill.

🚦If the Houses finally disagree on amendments.

🚦If more than 6 months lapse without the other House passing the bill.

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🚀 Exceptions (No Joint Sitting)

Money Bills (Art. 110).

Constitution Amendment Bills (Art. 368).

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🚀 Procedure

At Joint Sitting → bill is passed by simple majority of members present and voting.

Lok Sabha dominates because it has more members.

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🚀 Important Joint Sittings Held

1961 – Dowry Prohibition Bill.

1978 – Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill.

2002 – Prevention of Terrorism Bill (POTA).

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🚀 Significance

Ensures legislative efficiency by resolving deadlocks.

Reflects the supremacy of Lok Sabha (directly elected House).

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 108, presiding officer = Speaker of Lok Sabha, not applicable to Money/Constitutional Amendment Bills + mention POTA 2002 example.

🔰 Money Bills 🔰

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🚁 Constitutional Provision

Article 110 of Indian Constitution.

A Money Bill is a bill that deals exclusively with matters relating to money – such as taxation, borrowing of money or expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.

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🚁 Definition (Art. 110(1))

A bill is deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with any or all of the following matters:

🔹 Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax.

🔹 Regulation of borrowing of money by the Government of India.

🔹 Custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or Contingency Fund of India and payment of money into or withdrawal from them.

🔹 Appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund.

🔹 Declaring any expenditure as charged on the Consolidated Fund.

🔹 Receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund or Public Account of India.

🔹 Any matter incidental to the above.

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🚁 Certification

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha decides whether a bill is a Money Bill and his decision is final (Art. 110(3)).

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🚁 Special Procedure

🔸 Can be introduced only in Lok Sabha, on recommendation of the President.

🔸 Rajya Sabha cannot reject/amend; it can only make recommendations within 14 days.

🔸 Lok Sabha may accept or reject those recommendations.

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🚁 Case Reference

Rojer Mathew v. South Indian Bank (2019): Supreme Court held that Speaker’s certification of a Money Bill is subject to judicial review in limited cases.

✅ Exam Tip: Always mention – Art. 110, Speaker’s final authority, only in Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha’s limited role.

🔰 Annual Financial Statement 🔰

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⏰ Constitutional Provision

Article 112, Indian Constitution.

Known as the Union Budget.

It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for a financial year (1st April – 31st March).

⏰ Contents of the Annual Financial Statement

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⏰ The statement shows expenditure and receipts under three heads:

1️⃣ Consolidated Fund of India

All revenues received, loans raised and all money received in repayment of loans.

All expenditures are made from this fund, subject to parliamentary approval.

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2️⃣ Contingency Fund of India

Placed at the disposal of the President.

To meet unforeseen or urgent expenditure.

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3️⃣ Public Account of India

Transactions relating to provident funds, small savings, deposits, etc.

The government acts as a banker/trustee and no parliamentary approval is needed to withdraw.

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⏰ Procedure

➡️ Presentation – By the Finance Minister in Lok Sabha.

➡️ General Discussion – Both Houses discuss principles, not details.

➡️ Voting on Demands for Grants – Lok Sabha votes (only on Consolidated Fund expenditures).

➡️ Appropriation Bill – To authorize withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund.

➡️ Finance Bill – To give effect to taxation proposals.

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⏰ Significance

The Annual Financial Statement ensures financial accountability of the executive to the legislature.

Serves as the primary tool of parliamentary control over the nation’s finances.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 112, Union Budget, three parts: Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, Public Account.

🔰 Legislative Powers of the President 🔰

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🔋 Constitutional Basis

Articles 85, 111, 123, 352 etc.

The President, though part of the Executive, is also an integral part of Parliament (Art. 79).

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1️⃣ Power to Summon, Prorogue and Dissolve Parliament

Summons each session of Parliament (Art. 85).

Can prorogue (end) a session.

Can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.

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2️⃣ Addressing Parliament

Addresses both Houses at the beginning of the first session after every general election and at the first session of each year (Art. 87).

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3️⃣ Nomination of Members

Can nominate 12 members to Rajya Sabha (eminent persons in art, literature, science, social service).

Can nominate 2 members of Anglo-Indian community to Lok Sabha (Art. 331) – provision abolished by 104th Constitutional Amendment, 2019.

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4️⃣ Assent to Bills

A bill becomes law only after the President’s assent (Art. 111).

🔦 Options:

🔅 Give assent.

🔅 Withhold assent.

🔅 Return the bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration.

If repassed, he must give assent.

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5️⃣ Money Bills

Can be introduced in Lok Sabha only with President’s recommendation (Art. 110, 117).

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6️⃣ Ordinance-Making Power (Art. 123)

Can promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session.

Ordinances have the same force as laws of Parliament, but must be approved within 6 weeks of reassembly.

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7️⃣ Other Powers

Lays reports like CAG, Finance Commission, UPSC before Parliament.

Prior sanction required before introducing certain bills (e.g., bills involving expenditure from Consolidated Fund).

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🔋 Conclusion

The President’s legislative powers ensure that he functions as an integral link between the Executive and Legislature, with significant influence through summoning, assent, ordinance-making and recommendation powers.

📌 Exam Tip: Always remember – Art. 85 (sessions), Art. 87 (address), Art. 111 (assent), Art. 123 (ordinances).

🔰 The Union Judiciary 🔰

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💡 Constitutional Basis

Part V, Chapter IV (Articles 124–147) of the Indian Constitution.

Deals with the Supreme Court of India – the highest judicial authority.

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1️⃣ Composition of the Supreme Court (Art. 124)

Comprises the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges.

Number of judges determined by Parliament (currently 34 including CJI).

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2️⃣ Appointment of Judges

Appointed by the President.

Consultation process (Collegium system): CJI + 4 senior-most judges recommend appointments/transfers.

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💡 Qualifications:

🔹 Citizen of India, and

🔹 Judge of a High Court for at least 5 years, or

🔹 Advocate in a High Court for at least 10 years, or

🔹 Distinguished jurist (in President’s opinion).

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3️⃣ Tenure & Removal

Hold office till 65 years of age.

Can resign by writing to the President.

Can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity through impeachment process (Art. 124(4)) – requires special majority in both Houses of Parliament.

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4️⃣ Jurisdiction and Powers

Original Jurisdiction (Art. 131) – Disputes between:

Centre and States, or

States inter se.

⚫️ Writ Jurisdiction (Art. 32) – For enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

⚫️ Appellate Jurisdiction (Arts. 132–134) – Appeals in constitutional, civil and criminal cases.

⚫️ Advisory Jurisdiction (Art. 143) – President may seek opinion of the Supreme Court.

⚫️ Judicial Review – Can declare laws unconstitutional if violative of Constitution.

⚫️ Court of Record (Art. 129) – Judgments act as precedents; has power to punish for contempt.

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5️⃣ Independence of Judiciary

Security of tenure.

Salaries and allowances charged on Consolidated Fund of India.

Removal only by special procedure.

Freedom to decide cases without executive interference.

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6️⃣ Important Case Laws

🔸 Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Established Basic Structure Doctrine.

🔸 S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981): First Judges case.

🔸 Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (1993): Second Judges case – Collegium system established.

🔸 NJAC Judgment (2015): Struck down NJAC Act, upheld Collegium.

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💡 Conclusion

The Union Judiciary, through the Supreme Court, acts as the guardian of the Constitution, protector of Fundamental Rights, and the final interpreter of law, ensuring the rule of law and judicial independence in India.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Articles 124–147, jurisdiction types, writ power under Art. 32, and Kesavananda Bharati (1973).

🔰 Establishment and Constitution of the Supreme Court 🔰

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1️⃣ Constitutional Basis

Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution (Articles 124–147).

The Supreme Court of India is the apex court of the country.

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2️⃣ Establishment

Came into existence on 26th January 1950 (the day the Constitution commenced).

Replaced the Federal Court of India (1937–1950) and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (highest court during British rule).

Located at New Delhi.

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3️⃣ Composition (Art. 124)

Consists of:

Chief Justice of India (CJI), and

Other judges (the number fixed by Parliament).

At present (2025), the sanctioned strength is 34 judges (including the CJI).

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4️⃣ Appointment of Judges

Appointed by the President of India.

On recommendation of the Collegium (CJI + 4 senior-most judges).

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5️⃣ Qualifications of Judges (Art. 124(3))

A person is qualified if he/she:

🔹 Is a citizen of India, and

🔹 Has been a judge of a High Court for at least 5 years, or

🔹 Has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years, or

🔹 Is a distinguished jurist (in the opinion of the President).

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6️⃣ Tenure of Judges

Till the age of 65 years.

Can resign by writing to the President.

Can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity through impeachment (Art. 124(4)).

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7️⃣ Seat of the Supreme Court (Art. 130)

Permanent seat: Delhi.

The Chief Justice of India, with President’s approval, can hold sittings at other places.

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🟣 Conclusion

The Supreme Court, established under Art. 124 in 1950, is the guardian of the Constitution and the final court of appeal, ensuring the unity, integrity and supremacy of the Constitution and law in India.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write –

Art. 124 → Establishment & composition

26th Jan 1950 → Established

Strength = 34 judges (incl. CJI)

Seat = Delhi (Art. 130)