🔆Sweet sorghum

✅Sweet sorghum is a hardy, nutritious, biofuel crop that offers solutions in drought-hit southern Africa because of El-Nino phenomenon.

Sweet sorghum:

✅It is the most important millet crop occupying largest area among the cereals next to rice.
✅One of the key characteristics of sweet sorghum varieties is their drought resistance. It allows them to enter a dormant state during extended periods of dryness and resume growth afterwards.

📍Required climatic conditions
✅The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hamper sugar increase.
✅All soils that have medium depth with good drainage are suited.
✅Depending on the soil (red, black, laterite and loamy) and its depth water requirement may vary which in turn decide the suitability of the crop.

📍Unique features of Sorghum
✅It has ability to withstand low water and nitrogen inputs, as well as its tolerance for salinity and drought stress, makes it an ideal crop for farmers in arid regions.
✅Research has shown that, under intense water scarcity conditions, sweet sorghum makes use of its stalk juice to supplement its plant needs.

✅It is used in food industry and its stalk is used for the production of value-added products like ethanol, syrup and jaggery and bioenriched bagasse as a fodder and as a base material for cogeneration.
✅It can produce grains, animal feed and sugary juice, making it unique among crops.
✅The grains from sweet sorghum are prepared as steamed bread or porridge malt for traditional beer, as well as in commercial beer production across the continent.

Heat waves - climate change, climate action plan and strategies steps and suggestions to be followed.

Unplanned and haphazard urbanisation is more responsible than the GHGs emissions and global warming for recent extreme heat.

🔆60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60)

✅The mid-year climate conference, also known as the 60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60) will bring together countries that are signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

✅National delegates and civil society representatives will make up a significant part of the around 6,000 participants expected to attend the meetings.

✅The meeting will serve as a crucial midpoint between the 28th CoP in Dubai and CoP29 in Azerbaijan and its outcomes will set the stage for the next phase of global climate negotiations.

📍It will focus on critical issues such as:
✅Climate finance
✅Advancing progress on the next round of national climate action plans (Nationally Determined Contributions- NDCs)
✅Timely submission of countries’First Biennial Transparency Reports
✅Work on National Adaptation Plans
✅Accelerating climate action through a just transition

✅It will feature the inaugural Annual Global Stocktake (GST) Dialogue, which aims to foster a sharing of effective strategies and lessons learned on how countries are incorporating the GST outcomes into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), promoting collaborative learning and progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement's goals.

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Vultures

Rajaji National Park is home to India’s first private biosphere in a tiger reserve https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-gets-its-first-private-biosphere-in-a-tiger-reserve/article68145174.ece

🔆Shallow Aquifer Management

✅The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) in a latest intervention has taken up Shallow Aquifer Management (SAM) model on a pilot basis in the city.

✅It is a sustainable urban water management technique and addresses persistent issues of groundwater depletion, drying up of borewells and check quick flooding of city streets.

📍How it is done?
✅The project’s concept is to drill shallow water injection borewells to a depth of 100-120 feet and pump out water in the shallow aquifers.
✅This is done so that the layers underneath get recharged whenever there is rainfall, while collecting water from the surrounding watershed and channelling it through recharge pits.
✅Thus, the underground layers are recharged, and water table rises

✅SAM Pilot model in India
It is part of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) scheme of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
✅Nodal implementing agency: National Institute of Urban Affairs

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🔆UNESCO State of Ocean Report:

✅The UNESCO ‘State of the Ocean Report’, initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO) during the 2022 United Nations Ocean Conference, serves as an accessible overview of the ocean's current status.

✅It supports the monitoring of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) and encourages actions towards a sustainable ocean future.

📍key finding of the report
✅The upper 2,000 meters of the oceans have experienced significant warming, with the rate increasing from 0.32 ± 0.03 watt per square meter (W/m²) from 1960 to 2023 to 0.66 ± 0.10 W/m² in the last two decades.
✅Oceans are absorbing about 90% of the Earth's excess energy, causing increased deoxygenation and threatening marine ecosystems and human economies dependent on them.
✅Ocean acidification is on the rise globally, particularly in the open ocean, with a noted pH decline since the late 1980s more comprehensive data from coastal areas is needed.

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Sahyadri Tiger Reserve:

✅The Sahyadri Tiger Reserve is located in the Sahyadri Ranges of Western Ghats in Maharashtra.
✅These ranges from a common boundary between Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa.
✅Vegetation: It comprises of rich evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests.
✅The habitat of Sahyadri is composed of woodlands, grasslands and plateau.
✅The most distinct feature of the Tiger Reserve is the presence of numerous barren rocky and lateritic plateaus, locally called “Sadas”, with less perennial vegetation and over hanging cliffs on the edges along with numerous fallen boulders with dense thorny bushes.
✅It is the first Tiger Reserve of Western Maharashtra and the fourth Tiger Reserve of the State spreading over two Protected Areas of Koyana Sanctuary (KWLS) and Chandoli National Park (CNP).
✅KWLS and CNP are part of the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites. Birdlife International has declared this area an ‘Important Bird Area’.
✅CNP has a number of ecotone areas and is thus highly species rich.
✅Fauna: The Tiger Reserve is home to the endangered species of top carnivores such as Tiger, Wild dog, and Leopard.
✅As many as 30 species of mammals have been recorded. In addition, the area is home to Vultures and Crocodiles. The habitat also supports Hornbills, and many other endemic Birds. The Blue finned Mahasheer fish is present in the Koyana waters.

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🔆World Environment Day

✅The 51st edition of World Environment Day was a record-breaking success, with an unprecedented 3,854 official events and tens of millions of online engagements across the globe.
✅It is celebrated annually on June 5 to promote more sustainable practices while advocating for the protection of our planet. 
✅Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), it is the largest global platform for public outreach to raise awareness and take action on urgent environmental issues – the planet’s most-pressing environmental problems.
✅Theme of World Environment Day 2024: Land restoration, desertification, and drought resilience.

📍History:
✅The United Nations General Assembly declared June 5 as World Environment Day during the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 (June 5-16).
✅It was the first world conference to make environmental protection a major issue.
✅The UNEP was established in the same year.
✅World Environment Day was celebrated for the first time in 1973 under the theme 'Only One Earth'.
✅Since then, it has grown into a global platform involving over 150 countries.

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