Landslides in India: Causes, Types, and Mitigation
Introduction:
Recently Many human lives,flora-fauna losses in Wayanad's landslides. This gives a painful attentive experience for heavy loss. Landslides, gravitational movements of rock masses on slopes, pose significant risks across India. Understanding their causes is crucial for preventive measures.
1.Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Over 40% of the Kumaon Himalayan region is landslide-prone due to earthquakes. Heavy rainfall also triggers landslides, as seen in Maharashtra's Talai village in 2021.
- Snow Melting and Undercutting: Snowmelt and flooding weaken slopes, leading to landslides.
- Geological Factors: Soil types and rock formations play a role, but these remain relatively constant.
2. Human-Induced Factors:
- Deforestation: Indiscriminate tree cutting reduces soil stability. The Himalayan region, with increased deforestation, faces heightened landslide risk.
- Shifting Cultivation: Burning forests for cultivation damages topsoil, making hilly regions vulnerable.
- Mining and Quarrying: Removal of vegetation cover and soil gravel lowers groundwater retention capacity, increasing landslide risk.
- Urbanization: Intensive construction and road projects reduce vegetation cover, contributing to landslides. Dharamshala exemplifies this trend.
3. Regional Variations:
- Western Ghats: Deforestation and heavy rainfall contribute to landslides in states like Maharashtra and Konkan.
- Himalayas: Earthquakes and snowmelt impact this region.
- Southern India: Urbanization and deforestation affect areas like Dharamshala.
Mitigation Measures:
- Afforestation: Increase forest cover to stabilize slopes.
- Catchment Area Management: Store excess water to reduce flash floods and recharge groundwater.
- Urban Planning: Regulate construction to preserve vegetation.
- Early Warning Systems: Monitor ground conditions for timely alerts.
Conclusion:
Balancing development with environmental conservation is essential to mitigate landslide risks. Collaborative efforts can safeguard lives and property in landslide-prone regions.
Introduction:
Recently Many human lives,flora-fauna losses in Wayanad's landslides. This gives a painful attentive experience for heavy loss. Landslides, gravitational movements of rock masses on slopes, pose significant risks across India. Understanding their causes is crucial for preventive measures.
1.Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Over 40% of the Kumaon Himalayan region is landslide-prone due to earthquakes. Heavy rainfall also triggers landslides, as seen in Maharashtra's Talai village in 2021.
- Snow Melting and Undercutting: Snowmelt and flooding weaken slopes, leading to landslides.
- Geological Factors: Soil types and rock formations play a role, but these remain relatively constant.
2. Human-Induced Factors:
- Deforestation: Indiscriminate tree cutting reduces soil stability. The Himalayan region, with increased deforestation, faces heightened landslide risk.
- Shifting Cultivation: Burning forests for cultivation damages topsoil, making hilly regions vulnerable.
- Mining and Quarrying: Removal of vegetation cover and soil gravel lowers groundwater retention capacity, increasing landslide risk.
- Urbanization: Intensive construction and road projects reduce vegetation cover, contributing to landslides. Dharamshala exemplifies this trend.
3. Regional Variations:
- Western Ghats: Deforestation and heavy rainfall contribute to landslides in states like Maharashtra and Konkan.
- Himalayas: Earthquakes and snowmelt impact this region.
- Southern India: Urbanization and deforestation affect areas like Dharamshala.
Mitigation Measures:
- Afforestation: Increase forest cover to stabilize slopes.
- Catchment Area Management: Store excess water to reduce flash floods and recharge groundwater.
- Urban Planning: Regulate construction to preserve vegetation.
- Early Warning Systems: Monitor ground conditions for timely alerts.
Conclusion:
Balancing development with environmental conservation is essential to mitigate landslide risks. Collaborative efforts can safeguard lives and property in landslide-prone regions.
Paris 2024 Olympics: A Sustainable Blueprint for Global Events
Introduction:
The 2024 Paris Olympics are pioneering sustainability, setting new standards for international sporting events. By reducing environmental impact and maximizing social and economic benefits, Paris 2024 exemplifies responsible hosting.
1. Emissions Reduction:
- Paris 2024 aims to cut its carbon footprint by 50% compared to London 2012 and Rio 2016 averages. This commitment aligns with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
- The event accounts for all carbon emissions (scopes 1, 2, and 3), including direct, indirect, and spectator travel emissions.
2. Venue Strategy: Existing and Temporary Venues:
- Paris 2024 prioritizes existing or temporary venues, constituting 95% of the total. This approach minimizes new construction and aligns with the IOC's recommendation.
- Iconic venues like the Stade de France and the Saint-Quentin Velodrome are either existing or temporarily assembled structures, designed for future reuse.
3. Sustainable Venue Examples:
- Aquatics Centre:
- Features a 4,680 sq. meter solar panel roof, providing 20% of its electricity needs.
- Seats are made from recycled plastic bottle caps.
- Bio-sourced materials like French wood are used for the frame.
- Concave roof design naturally heats the air and reduces heating requirements.
- Outdoor air filtration minimizes environmental impact.
- Planted trees create green spaces and attract wildlife.
-Olympic Village:
- Constructed with a 30% reduction in carbon compared to typical French buildings.
- Geothermal and solar energy power the Athlete's Village.
- Plant-based food options are prioritized.
4. Circular Economy and Responsible Digital Technology:
- Paris 2024 embraces circular economy principles, emphasizing reuse and minimizing waste.
- Responsible digital technology ensures efficient operations without compromising sustainability.
Conclusion:
The Paris 2024 Olympics demonstrate that hosting global events need not come at the expense of the environment. By adopting renewable energy, sustainable venues, and innovative practices, Paris sets a precedent for future international gatherings.
Introduction:
The 2024 Paris Olympics are pioneering sustainability, setting new standards for international sporting events. By reducing environmental impact and maximizing social and economic benefits, Paris 2024 exemplifies responsible hosting.
1. Emissions Reduction:
- Paris 2024 aims to cut its carbon footprint by 50% compared to London 2012 and Rio 2016 averages. This commitment aligns with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
- The event accounts for all carbon emissions (scopes 1, 2, and 3), including direct, indirect, and spectator travel emissions.
2. Venue Strategy: Existing and Temporary Venues:
- Paris 2024 prioritizes existing or temporary venues, constituting 95% of the total. This approach minimizes new construction and aligns with the IOC's recommendation.
- Iconic venues like the Stade de France and the Saint-Quentin Velodrome are either existing or temporarily assembled structures, designed for future reuse.
3. Sustainable Venue Examples:
- Aquatics Centre:
- Features a 4,680 sq. meter solar panel roof, providing 20% of its electricity needs.
- Seats are made from recycled plastic bottle caps.
- Bio-sourced materials like French wood are used for the frame.
- Concave roof design naturally heats the air and reduces heating requirements.
- Outdoor air filtration minimizes environmental impact.
- Planted trees create green spaces and attract wildlife.
-Olympic Village:
- Constructed with a 30% reduction in carbon compared to typical French buildings.
- Geothermal and solar energy power the Athlete's Village.
- Plant-based food options are prioritized.
4. Circular Economy and Responsible Digital Technology:
- Paris 2024 embraces circular economy principles, emphasizing reuse and minimizing waste.
- Responsible digital technology ensures efficient operations without compromising sustainability.
Conclusion:
The Paris 2024 Olympics demonstrate that hosting global events need not come at the expense of the environment. By adopting renewable energy, sustainable venues, and innovative practices, Paris sets a precedent for future international gatherings.
1. Examine the historical development and legal structure of the reservation system in India. Emphasize the suggestions made by the Mandal Commission and their effects on reservation policies. (250 words).
2.Evaluate how heat stress affects labor productivity and economic output in India, particularly in vulnerable sectors like agriculture and construction.(250 words).
2.Evaluate how heat stress affects labor productivity and economic output in India, particularly in vulnerable sectors like agriculture and construction.(250 words).
Answer 1:
Introduction:
Reservations in India have a rich historical context, evolving over time to address social and economic disparities. The reservation system aims to uplift marginalized communities by providing them with opportunities in education, employment, and political representation.
Historical Development:
- British India and Princely Kingdoms: In the late nineteenth century, India was divided into British India and numerous princely kingdoms. Some progressive states prioritized education, industry, and national unity. However, attention shifted to minorities and impoverished sections in South and Western India.
- Constitutional Goals: India's Constitution sought to ensure equality, brotherhood, and individual dignity. Recognizing that existing provisions weren't sufficient, Article 334 initially reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in legislatures. Subsequent amendments extended this reservation until 2010.
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) Quotas: The reservation policy extended to SCs and STs in government jobs and educational institutions. This aimed to address their underrepresentation.
-Other Backward Classes (OBCs): However, OBCs needed similar support. The Mandal Commission was established to address their concerns comprehensively.
The Mandal Commission:
- Formation and Objectives: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was set up in 1979. Its primary duty was to address OBC issues.
-Criteria for Backward Classes: The Commission systematically identified backward classes based on criteria such as social perception, manual labor dependence, and below-average family assets.
Recommendations:
-27% Reservation: The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in public sector and government jobs.
-Promotions: OBCs should also receive 27% reservation at all levels of promotions.
-Carry Forward: Unfilled quota vacancies should be carried forward for up to three years.
-Impact:The Mandal Commission played a vital role in recognizing backward classes and framing affirmative action policies. It aimed to bridge socio-economic gaps and promote inclusivity.
Conclusion:
The reservation system, shaped by historical developments and the Mandal Commission's recommendations, remains a critical tool for social justice in India. While controversies persist, its impact on marginalized communities cannot be overlooked.
Introduction:
Reservations in India have a rich historical context, evolving over time to address social and economic disparities. The reservation system aims to uplift marginalized communities by providing them with opportunities in education, employment, and political representation.
Historical Development:
- British India and Princely Kingdoms: In the late nineteenth century, India was divided into British India and numerous princely kingdoms. Some progressive states prioritized education, industry, and national unity. However, attention shifted to minorities and impoverished sections in South and Western India.
- Constitutional Goals: India's Constitution sought to ensure equality, brotherhood, and individual dignity. Recognizing that existing provisions weren't sufficient, Article 334 initially reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in legislatures. Subsequent amendments extended this reservation until 2010.
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) Quotas: The reservation policy extended to SCs and STs in government jobs and educational institutions. This aimed to address their underrepresentation.
-Other Backward Classes (OBCs): However, OBCs needed similar support. The Mandal Commission was established to address their concerns comprehensively.
The Mandal Commission:
- Formation and Objectives: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was set up in 1979. Its primary duty was to address OBC issues.
-Criteria for Backward Classes: The Commission systematically identified backward classes based on criteria such as social perception, manual labor dependence, and below-average family assets.
Recommendations:
-27% Reservation: The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in public sector and government jobs.
-Promotions: OBCs should also receive 27% reservation at all levels of promotions.
-Carry Forward: Unfilled quota vacancies should be carried forward for up to three years.
-Impact:The Mandal Commission played a vital role in recognizing backward classes and framing affirmative action policies. It aimed to bridge socio-economic gaps and promote inclusivity.
Conclusion:
The reservation system, shaped by historical developments and the Mandal Commission's recommendations, remains a critical tool for social justice in India. While controversies persist, its impact on marginalized communities cannot be overlooked.
Answer 2:
Introduction:
India's labor productivity faces significant challenges due to heat stress, particularly affecting outdoor workers in sectors like agriculture, construction, and mining. As temperatures rise, the impact on worker efficiency becomes pronounced.
Impact of Heat Stress on Labor Productivity:
- Outdoor Workers: A substantial portion of India's workforce engages in physically demanding outdoor jobs. These include agricultural laborers toiling in fields, construction workers erecting buildings, and miners extracting resources.
- Heatwaves and Vulnerability: Heatwaves are increasingly common, especially in tropical regions. Rising temperatures exacerbate heat stress, leading to reduced productivity.
- Productivity Decline: For every degree Celsius rise above 27°C, labor productivity decreases by 2-4%². Heat stress affects physical endurance, concentration, and overall work capacity.
- Humidity and Irrigation: Increased irrigation contributes to higher humidity levels, intensifying heat stress. Humid conditions make it harder for workers to dissipate body heat, further impacting productivity.
- Air Pollution: Air pollution, prevalent in many Indian cities, reflects some heat and helps regulate temperatures. However, it doesn't fully offset the adverse effects of heat stress.
Economic Implications:
- Agriculture: Farming relies heavily on manual labor. Crop cultivation, harvesting, and other tasks occur outdoors. Heat stress reduces the efficiency of agricultural workers, affecting crop yields and overall production.
- Construction: Construction sites involve physically demanding work, often in direct sunlight. Heat stress leads to fatigue, dehydration, and decreased output. Construction projects face delays and cost overruns due to reduced productivity.
-Mining and Quarrying: Extractive industries, including mining and quarrying, require strenuous labor. Heat stress impacts miners' ability to extract resources efficiently, affecting economic output.
- Manufacturing: Factory workers, especially in non-air-conditioned environments, experience reduced productivity during heatwaves. Assembly lines slow down, affecting production targets.
Adaptation Strategies:
- Mechanization: Increasing mechanization can mitigate heat stress effects. Automated equipment reduces reliance on manual labor, enhancing productivity.
- Optimistic Scenarios: Favorable socio-economic development, coupled with technological advancements, may alleviate some negative impacts of heat stress.
Conclusion:
Heat stress poses a real threat to India's labor productivity across vulnerable sectors. As temperatures rise, addressing this challenge becomes crucial for sustaining economic growth and ensuring worker well-being. The interplay between climate change, labor productivity, and adaptation strategies demands urgent attention from policymakers and industry stakeholders.
Introduction:
India's labor productivity faces significant challenges due to heat stress, particularly affecting outdoor workers in sectors like agriculture, construction, and mining. As temperatures rise, the impact on worker efficiency becomes pronounced.
Impact of Heat Stress on Labor Productivity:
- Outdoor Workers: A substantial portion of India's workforce engages in physically demanding outdoor jobs. These include agricultural laborers toiling in fields, construction workers erecting buildings, and miners extracting resources.
- Heatwaves and Vulnerability: Heatwaves are increasingly common, especially in tropical regions. Rising temperatures exacerbate heat stress, leading to reduced productivity.
- Productivity Decline: For every degree Celsius rise above 27°C, labor productivity decreases by 2-4%². Heat stress affects physical endurance, concentration, and overall work capacity.
- Humidity and Irrigation: Increased irrigation contributes to higher humidity levels, intensifying heat stress. Humid conditions make it harder for workers to dissipate body heat, further impacting productivity.
- Air Pollution: Air pollution, prevalent in many Indian cities, reflects some heat and helps regulate temperatures. However, it doesn't fully offset the adverse effects of heat stress.
Economic Implications:
- Agriculture: Farming relies heavily on manual labor. Crop cultivation, harvesting, and other tasks occur outdoors. Heat stress reduces the efficiency of agricultural workers, affecting crop yields and overall production.
- Construction: Construction sites involve physically demanding work, often in direct sunlight. Heat stress leads to fatigue, dehydration, and decreased output. Construction projects face delays and cost overruns due to reduced productivity.
-Mining and Quarrying: Extractive industries, including mining and quarrying, require strenuous labor. Heat stress impacts miners' ability to extract resources efficiently, affecting economic output.
- Manufacturing: Factory workers, especially in non-air-conditioned environments, experience reduced productivity during heatwaves. Assembly lines slow down, affecting production targets.
Adaptation Strategies:
- Mechanization: Increasing mechanization can mitigate heat stress effects. Automated equipment reduces reliance on manual labor, enhancing productivity.
- Optimistic Scenarios: Favorable socio-economic development, coupled with technological advancements, may alleviate some negative impacts of heat stress.
Conclusion:
Heat stress poses a real threat to India's labor productivity across vulnerable sectors. As temperatures rise, addressing this challenge becomes crucial for sustaining economic growth and ensuring worker well-being. The interplay between climate change, labor productivity, and adaptation strategies demands urgent attention from policymakers and industry stakeholders.
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𝙎𝙩. 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙣'𝙨 𝙄𝙨𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 ( 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙨)
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𝗦𝘁. 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻'𝘀 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱: 𝗔 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗲𝗺… | Mansi R. Suryavanshi
𝗦𝘁. 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻'𝘀 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱: 𝗔 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗲𝗺 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹
Despite its diminutive size, St. Martin's Island holds immense strategic importance for Bangladesh. Let's explore why this tiny landmass—covering just three square kilometers—has become a focal…
Despite its diminutive size, St. Martin's Island holds immense strategic importance for Bangladesh. Let's explore why this tiny landmass—covering just three square kilometers—has become a focal…
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
10 Years of Make in India.pdf
1.3 MB
This is a case study from One of the districts of Uganda. Suggest solutions for the same.
Problem analysis.
Women and children are the most vulnerable people who are affected by almost every problem that occurs in communities. And most of the problems are as a result of most men being dependants of alcohol and other drugs that take the biggest percentage of their
income, additionally, poligamacy is also a common factor that hinders the accomplishment of men’s duties and responsibilities in their families, most of them do not consider their financial capacity when choosing to have more than one spouse. Therefore in the process, 75% of the responsibilities in some homes are left for the women who depend on market vending, with estimated profit of $1.3 per day. This leads to mal nutrition especially in children since they can not afford even 2 meals a day (24 hours). It is proved that in some homes, they prepare only supper then parents go early morning to markets, gardens, factories and other places to work for the next supper whereas some men go to trading centers to enjoy political stories, take alcohol and other activities that at the end do not yield anything for their families.
Additionally, young girls face a lot of challenges after getting pregnancies with irresponsible men / boys. This results into the following;
Abortion, this practice is illegal in many African cultures and sometime it results into deaths and other permanent abnormalities to the girls because they do it without instructions from technical persons (qualified medical workers).Girls also leave young babies with their parents and opt to work in bars and clubs where they are exposed to men and end up in exchange of sex for money that puts them at a risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, un planned pregnancies, being kidnapped among other challenges.
Other problems are specifically associated with the life of pregnant mothers and new born babies.
• Men do not mind going with their wives for antenatal care and this leads to recurrent infections since the infections like UTIs and STIs are treated in women only and they still have sexual intercourse with their untreated spouses.
• Women don’t get enough support from their husbands to procure the necessary requirements like clothing for receiving the new born and mama kits.
• Most of the men have put their wives at a risk where they refuse to consent for surgical operations as instructed by the medical workers upon the risks observed, for example mothers with 2 or more previous scars or even when the reason of operation was permanent. This usually happens because men do not attend antenatal talks that clarify certain risks, additionally they make decisions on phone calls instead of coming to the health unit to hear Doctors’ instructions.
• Some women have developed puperial psychosis due to lack of enough support and care from their husbands in terms of providing health support like helping them cut off their pubic hair which contributes much to infections like UTI and it also psychologically tortures women whenever they meet the person who delivered them, and feel ashamed.
• Some mothers have ended up delivering low birth weights who at the end of the day do not survive and have recurrent abortions due forced sex, poor diet that mothers have during 1st trimester of pregnancy.
Suggest your solutions by tagging this post.
Problem analysis.
Women and children are the most vulnerable people who are affected by almost every problem that occurs in communities. And most of the problems are as a result of most men being dependants of alcohol and other drugs that take the biggest percentage of their
income, additionally, poligamacy is also a common factor that hinders the accomplishment of men’s duties and responsibilities in their families, most of them do not consider their financial capacity when choosing to have more than one spouse. Therefore in the process, 75% of the responsibilities in some homes are left for the women who depend on market vending, with estimated profit of $1.3 per day. This leads to mal nutrition especially in children since they can not afford even 2 meals a day (24 hours). It is proved that in some homes, they prepare only supper then parents go early morning to markets, gardens, factories and other places to work for the next supper whereas some men go to trading centers to enjoy political stories, take alcohol and other activities that at the end do not yield anything for their families.
Additionally, young girls face a lot of challenges after getting pregnancies with irresponsible men / boys. This results into the following;
Abortion, this practice is illegal in many African cultures and sometime it results into deaths and other permanent abnormalities to the girls because they do it without instructions from technical persons (qualified medical workers).Girls also leave young babies with their parents and opt to work in bars and clubs where they are exposed to men and end up in exchange of sex for money that puts them at a risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, un planned pregnancies, being kidnapped among other challenges.
Other problems are specifically associated with the life of pregnant mothers and new born babies.
• Men do not mind going with their wives for antenatal care and this leads to recurrent infections since the infections like UTIs and STIs are treated in women only and they still have sexual intercourse with their untreated spouses.
• Women don’t get enough support from their husbands to procure the necessary requirements like clothing for receiving the new born and mama kits.
• Most of the men have put their wives at a risk where they refuse to consent for surgical operations as instructed by the medical workers upon the risks observed, for example mothers with 2 or more previous scars or even when the reason of operation was permanent. This usually happens because men do not attend antenatal talks that clarify certain risks, additionally they make decisions on phone calls instead of coming to the health unit to hear Doctors’ instructions.
• Some women have developed puperial psychosis due to lack of enough support and care from their husbands in terms of providing health support like helping them cut off their pubic hair which contributes much to infections like UTI and it also psychologically tortures women whenever they meet the person who delivered them, and feel ashamed.
• Some mothers have ended up delivering low birth weights who at the end of the day do not survive and have recurrent abortions due forced sex, poor diet that mothers have during 1st trimester of pregnancy.
Suggest your solutions by tagging this post.
‘The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain. (150 words )
It is rightly said the 21st century is Asian century, which is being led by China and this brings China in direct confrontation with the USA which is known for its hegemony since the end of the second world war.
▪️During the period of 1940-1990, there has been a direct confrontation with erstwhile Russia, but the competition with China is different in the sense:
✅ Ideological vs Economical War: USA and USSR were locked in ideological battle China continues to be the world’s largest supplier of rare earth, used for high-technology consumer products and military equipment, accounting for roughly 90 per cent of the world’s production and a lion’s share of the United States’ imports.
✅ Bipolar vs Multipolar world: World was Bipolar thus all the countries were forced to fall in either of the two camps, but today the world is in flux, no one knows who stands where.
✅ Pax Americana vs Indo-pacific: The 20th century was known as US dictating relations with the countries, but today with the centrality of the Indian ocean, US is looking for a partner to check China which was not the case with confrontation with the USSR.
✅ Restricted USSR vs Diversified China: USSR was restricted largely to Eurasia, while China is following Belt and Road initiative enveloping the countries from Eurasian region to African continent.
✅ Military vs Currency War: USA and USSR were locked in military race, evident in stockpiling of conventional and non-conventional weapons while China does carefully manage its currency to keep the yuan at a stable and targeted value through a host of measures, chiefly through buying and selling U.S. dollar bonds and controlling the outflow of yuan from its borders.
The war between China and the USA is very different from the times of the USSR, as it is about who will rule the coming century. The coming age will be defined by technology, not by military might, which makes the case for existential threat for the USA.
It is rightly said the 21st century is Asian century, which is being led by China and this brings China in direct confrontation with the USA which is known for its hegemony since the end of the second world war.
▪️During the period of 1940-1990, there has been a direct confrontation with erstwhile Russia, but the competition with China is different in the sense:
✅ Ideological vs Economical War: USA and USSR were locked in ideological battle China continues to be the world’s largest supplier of rare earth, used for high-technology consumer products and military equipment, accounting for roughly 90 per cent of the world’s production and a lion’s share of the United States’ imports.
✅ Bipolar vs Multipolar world: World was Bipolar thus all the countries were forced to fall in either of the two camps, but today the world is in flux, no one knows who stands where.
✅ Pax Americana vs Indo-pacific: The 20th century was known as US dictating relations with the countries, but today with the centrality of the Indian ocean, US is looking for a partner to check China which was not the case with confrontation with the USSR.
✅ Restricted USSR vs Diversified China: USSR was restricted largely to Eurasia, while China is following Belt and Road initiative enveloping the countries from Eurasian region to African continent.
✅ Military vs Currency War: USA and USSR were locked in military race, evident in stockpiling of conventional and non-conventional weapons while China does carefully manage its currency to keep the yuan at a stable and targeted value through a host of measures, chiefly through buying and selling U.S. dollar bonds and controlling the outflow of yuan from its borders.
The war between China and the USA is very different from the times of the USSR, as it is about who will rule the coming century. The coming age will be defined by technology, not by military might, which makes the case for existential threat for the USA.
Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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CSM 24 RESULT
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Namewise
Hello Everyone,
Hope you all are doing great..
As all of you know, every year we run a prelims program for UPSC Preliminarily examination targets with THREE revisions.
From tomorrow, we are again going to start that program. Those who have no single reading of standard books , they can begin their preparation with this program.
🎯Tomorrow target will be given by tonight or early morning. It's a 100 day program free for all.
🎯I'll try to address your doubts regularly.
Good luck..
Previous year program link
2024 link
2023 link
2022 link
Hope you all are doing great..
As all of you know, every year we run a prelims program for UPSC Preliminarily examination targets with THREE revisions.
From tomorrow, we are again going to start that program. Those who have no single reading of standard books , they can begin their preparation with this program.
🎯Tomorrow target will be given by tonight or early morning. It's a 100 day program free for all.
🎯I'll try to address your doubts regularly.
Good luck..
Previous year program link
2024 link
2023 link
2022 link
CSE ANSWER WRITING pinned «Hello Everyone, Hope you all are doing great.. As all of you know, every year we run a prelims program for UPSC Preliminarily examination targets with THREE revisions. From tomorrow, we are again going to start that program. Those who have no single…»
We'll start with polity :
Day 1: 30 December target:
Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional framework
Parliamentary system
Federal system
FR, DPSPs, FDs
Constitutional amendments
Current Affairs: June 2024
Polity part only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Day 1: 30 December target:
Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional framework
Parliamentary system
Federal system
FR, DPSPs, FDs
Constitutional amendments
Current Affairs: June 2024
Polity part only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Day 2: 31 December target:
Polity:
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2011 & 2012
Current Affairs: July 2024
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity:
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2011 & 2012
Current Affairs: July 2024
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Hello Guyzz..
I hope all of you are great...
As tomorrow is the beginning of the year 2025..so I'm not going to stress you for this day..
Your targets🎯 are only:
REVISION OF 2 DAYS.
Wishing you a happy new year in advance. You all will be blessed with good health, wealth and a great career...
Thank you...
I hope all of you are great...
As tomorrow is the beginning of the year 2025..so I'm not going to stress you for this day..
Your targets🎯 are only:
REVISION OF 2 DAYS.
Wishing you a happy new year in advance. You all will be blessed with good health, wealth and a great career...
Thank you...
Day 3: 2 January target:
Polity:
Topics -
Centre- state relations
Local Government
State legislature
Special provisions
Tribal areas
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2013 & 2014
Current Affairs: August 2024
Polity only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity:
Topics -
Centre- state relations
Local Government
State legislature
Special provisions
Tribal areas
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2013 & 2014
Current Affairs: August 2024
Polity only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Day 4: 3 January target:
Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional and Non-constitutional Bodies
Misc.
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2015 & 2016
Current Affairs: September 2024
Polity only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity:
Topics -
Constitutional and Non-constitutional Bodies
Misc.
Sources: Indian Constitution at work - NCERT
Standard books - Laxmikant Or DD Basu ( only one)
PYQs- Related PYQs - UPSC prelims 2015 & 2016
Current Affairs: September 2024
Polity only
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM