Panchayati Raj

1) PRIs generate only 1% of their revenue through local taxes, highlighting their heavy dependence on external funding sources.

2) While the Constitution mandates a minimum of one-third reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions, 21 States and 2 Union Territories have proactively increased this quota, with several of them providing up to 50% reservation. This reflects a progressive shift towards ensuring greater political participation of women at the grassroots level.

3) Despite rapid urbanization, municipal revenues in India account for only 1% of the national GDP, in sharp contrast to countries like South Africa, where it stands at 7.4%. This reflects the limited fiscal autonomy and revenue-generating capacity of Indian Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), undermining effective urban governance.

4) Women now constitute about 46% of the 31.5 lakh PRI representatives, showcasing the deepening of grassroots democracy and gender empowerment in rural India.

5) India's Panchayati Raj system includes nearly 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and over 29 lakh elected representatives.

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A4 framework for Social Development Answers -

A4 -
- Availability
- Accessibility
- Affordability
- Acceptability

https://youtu.be/go3BEysYJGA

It must be borne in mind that the tragedy in life doesn’t lie in not reaching your goal. The tragedy lies in having no goal to reach….

It is not a disgrace not to reach the stars, but it is a disgrace to have no stars to reach for.

Not failure, but low aim is sin.

—Benjamin E. Mays,

CRAFT Method — Essays that connect

One Pager Mains Notes -
1) Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
2) Flash Floods
3) Critical Minerals

Security-related terms

🔹Hot Pursuit – Cross-border chase of criminals or terrorists.
🔹Surgical Strike – A precision military attack aimed at specific targets with minimal collateral damage.

🔹Preemptive Strike – Attacking first when an attack is believed to be imminent.

🔹Preventive War – War initiated to prevent a future threat from materializing.

🔹Decapitation Strike – Targeting leadership of enemy forces.

🔹Shock and Awe – Use of overwhelming power to paralyze the enemy psychologically.

🔹Precision Guided Munitions (PGMs) – Weapons with laser or GPS-guided targeting.

🔹Cold Start Doctrine – Indian military strategy for quick, limited war with Pakistan.

🔹Second Strike Capability – Ability to respond to a nuclear attack with a powerful nuclear retaliation.

🔹Deterrence by Denial – Preventing aggression by making goals unachievable.

🔹No First Use (NFU) – A nuclear policy of not using nuclear weapons unless first attacked.

🔹Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) – Doctrine that full-scale nuclear war would destroy both attacker and defender.

🔹Covert Operation – Secret military or intelligence activity to influence events abroad.

🔹Black Ops (Black Operations) – Secret, unacknowledged missions by intelligence agencies.

🔹Human Intelligence (HUMINT) – Intelligence collected from human sources.

🔹Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) – Intelligence gathered from electronic signals.

🔹No Fly Zone – Area where certain aircraft are not allowed to fly, often enforced militarily.

🔹Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) – Area where military forces are not permitted.

🔹OGWs (Over Ground Workers) - Civilians who secretly assist terrorist groups by providing logistics, shelter, information, funds, or propaganda without directly participating in violence.

🔹Sleeper Cell - A secret unit of terrorists/infiltrators that stays inactive for long periods and is activated when required.

🔹Lone Wolf - An individual who carries out a terrorist act independently, without direct orders from any organization.

🔹White Collar Terrorism - Support to terrorism by professionals — via funding, legal help, propaganda, etc.

🔹Narco-Terrorism - Use of drug trade to fund terrorist activities.

🔹Proxy War - When a state supports terrorist/militant groups to wage war indirectly against another country (e.g., Pakistan using terror groups against India).

Content < Presentation

Many aspirants could significantly boost their Mains scores by focusing on structure and presentation.

In this exam, how you present your answers is as crucial as the content itself.

One Pager Mains Notes -
4) India - Iran Relations
5) The Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024
6) Judicial Accountability in India

Role of AI in healthcare

One Page Mains Notes -
7) The Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025
8) Bulldozer justice
9) Modern Farming Systems

Few simple things that can transform your UPSC mains answer presentation -
1) Underline 3-4 keyboards on page
2) Use short headings in the main body
3) Use flow charts, maps, diagrams
4) Add space after each part
5) Either use point format or short paragraphs

2025 UPSC CSE free essay test 1 question paper.

Try brainstorming on each topic.

Today's UPPSC essay paper

Bonnet macaque
- IUCN Status - Vulnerable
- endemic to southern India
- Its distribution is limited by the Indian Ocean on three sides and the Godavari and Tapti Rivers
- The bonnet macaque is diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial.

One Page Mains Notes -
10) Stampede
11) Space

Watch now 👉
https://youtu.be/jW3fNVhOpDc

F3 for food processing flow chart

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