Economics (Solutions To Essay).

GEOGRAPHY Q1 - Q3 SOLUTIONS ☑️


Q1:
(a) Factors influencing location of iron and steel industries in North Eastern USA:


1. Proximity to iron ore deposits: The Mesabi Range in Minnesota provided an abundant source of iron ore, a crucial raw material.

2. Access to coal deposits: The Appalachian Region's coal deposits supplied the necessary fuel for steel production.

3. Abundant water supply: The Great Lakes and rivers provided water for processing, cooling, and transportation.

4. Transportation network: Railroads and ports facilitated the transportation of raw materials and finished products.

5. Skilled labor force and market demand: The North Eastern USA had a large, skilled workforce and a strong market demand for steel products.


(b) Contributions of iron and steel industries to North Eastern USA's economy:


1. Employment opportunities: The industries provided thousands of jobs, contributing to regional economic stability.

2. GDP growth and economic stability: The industries generated significant revenue, stimulating economic growth.

3. Infrastructure development: Steel was used to build roads, bridges, and buildings, enhancing regional infrastructure.

4. Stimulating related industries: The automotive and construction industries benefited from the availability of steel.

5. Export revenue generation: Steel exports contributed significantly to the region's foreign exchange earnings.


Q2:
(a) Migration:
Migration involves the permanent or temporary movement of people from one geographical location to another, often driven by factors such as:


- Economic opportunities
- Environmental considerations
- Conflict or persecution
- Education or healthcare
- Family reunification


(b) Causes of rural-urban migration in Tropical Africa:


1. Poverty and lack of economic opportunities: Rural areas often lack job opportunities, leading to migration.

2. Limited access to education and healthcare: Urban areas typically offer better education and healthcare services.

3. Conflict and insecurity: Rural areas may experience conflict, prompting migration to safer urban areas.

4. Environmental degradation and climate change: Environmental factors, such as drought or flooding, can drive migration.

5. Urbanization and modernization: Urban areas offer modern amenities and services, attracting migrants.


(c) Problems created by rural-urban migration in Tropical Africa:


1. Overcrowding and housing shortages: Rapid urbanization strains housing supply.

2. Unemployment and poverty: Migrants may struggle to find employment, exacerbating poverty.

3. Increased strain on urban infrastructure: Migration puts pressure on urban services, such as water and sanitation.

4. Loss of rural labor and skills: Migration can deprive rural areas of skilled workers.


Q3:
(a) Over-population vs. population density:


Over-population refers to excessive population growth exceeding available resources and infrastructure.

Population density measures the number of people per unit area (people/km²), indicating spatial distribution.


(b) Factors influencing population distribution:


1. Climate and geography: Climate, terrain, and natural resources influence population distribution.

2. Economic opportunities: Job availability and resource accessibility shape population distribution.

3. Accessibility: Transportation infrastructure and communication networks facilitate population movement.

4. Government policies and regulations: Policies, such as urban planning and zoning, influence population distribution.


(c) Factors promoting population growth:


1. High birth rates and fertility: High birth rates contribute to rapid population growth.

2. Improved healthcare and life expectancy: Better healthcare increases life expectancy, contributing to population growth.

3. Immigration and migration: Movement of people into an area can increase population.

4. Cultural and social factors: Family size, marriage age, and social norms influence population growth.

GEOGRAPHY Q4 & Q5 SOLUTIONS ☑️


Q4:
(a) Outline map of Ghana:

[DRAW)

Regions to indicate
(i) Sea port: Tema Port
(ii) Domestic airport: Kumasi Airport
(iii) Akuse: Akuse is a town located in the Eastern Region of Ghana, near the Akosombo Dam.


(b) Benefits of air transportation in Ghana:

1. Rapid transportation: Air travel saves time and increases productivity.
2. Economic growth: Air transportation facilitates trade, tourism, and investment.
3. Connectivity: Air travel connects Ghana to international markets and destinations.
4. Job creation: Air transportation generates employment opportunities.


(c) Challenges affecting air transportation in Ghana:

1. Infrastructure limitations: Inadequate airport facilities and runways.
2. Safety concerns: Aging aircraft and inadequate maintenance.
3. Financial constraints: High operational costs and limited funding.


Q5:
(a) Locations of Tropical rainforests in Ghana:

1. Kakum National Park (Central Region)
2. Digya National Park (Brong-Ahafo Region)


(b) Climatic conditions favoring Tropical rainforest growth:

1. High temperature: Average temperatures range from 20-30°C.
2. High rainfall: Annual rainfall exceeds 1,500 mm.
3. High humidity: Average relative humidity is 60-80%.
4. Minimal seasonal variation: Temperature and rainfall remain relatively consistent.


(c) Characteristics of Tropical rainforest vegetation:

1. Dense canopy: Closed canopy with multiple layers of vegetation.
2. Diverse species: Rich variety of plant and animal species.
3. Evergreen: Vegetation remains green throughout the year.
4. Stratified: Vegetation is layered, with emergent, canopy, and understory layers.
5. Complex ecosystem: Interdependent relationships between plants and animals.