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Subclinical hypothyroidism
=======================
โ†‘ TSH,
โ†’ free T3
โ†’ free T4
Subclinical hypothyroidism:

1- ุฅู…ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ุนุงุจุฑุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ู…ุคุซุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ูˆุณุชุฒูˆู„ ุจุฒูˆุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑ.
2- ุงูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู† ุชุนุงุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุซูŠุฑูˆูƒุณูŠู†(ุชูŠ4) ูƒุนู„ุงุฌ.
3- ุงูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุถ ู‚ุงุฏู… ูƒู€ ู‡ุงุดูŠู…ุงุชูˆ
..
Causes:
======
1๏ธโƒฃMay be a transient phenomenon, not always indicative of progressive or permanent thyroid failure.

2โƒฃTreatment with thyroxine for primary hypothyroidism.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู…ุตุงุจุงู‹ ุจุนูˆุฒ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ูŠ ( โ†“ T3&T4 ูˆูŽ โ†‘TSH )ุŒ
ูˆ ูŠุชุนุงุทู‰ ุงู„ุซูŠุฑูˆูƒุณูŠู†( ุชูŠ4) ูƒุนู„ุงุฌุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ( ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ุชูŠ4 ) ุณุชุชุนุฏู‘ู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุนุฏู‘ู„ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ูˆูŠุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุณุชุฉ ุงุดู‡ุฑ ูˆุงุญูŠุงู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุณู†ุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจู€ "ุชุจุงุทุค ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ pituitary lag"
ูุชูƒูˆู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช:
ุชุนุฏู‘ู„ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ T4 & T3.
ุจู‚ุงุก TSH ู…ุฑุชูุน.
ููŠู†ุตุญ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงุŒ ุงู† ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนู„ุงุฌุŒ ุงู† ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุชู‡ ู„ู„ุนู„ุงุฌุŒ ุจูุญุต ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุดู‡ุฑ - ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ. ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ุนู„ุงุฌ ู‚ุตูˆุฑ ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ.
3โƒฃpatients may go on to develop hypothyroidism as Hashimoto's thyroiditis:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis may cause a gradual loss of thyroid gland function, especially when people test positive for antithyroid antibodies
ู…ุฑุถ ู‡ุงุดูŠู…ุงุชูˆ
โ†‘TSH
โ†“free T3
โ†“free T4
Primary hypothyroidism
ู„ุงูŠุฃุชูŠ ุจุนูˆุฒ ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุฏูุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ุจุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌุŒ ูุชู†ุฎูุถ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ุฃูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€:minimum..

ู…ุซู„ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุชูŠ4 ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต 1.5 ููŠู†ุฎูุถ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุซู„ุง 0.9 ูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ( ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ 0.7-1.7 ng/dl )
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุฑุชูุนTSH ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุญุณุงู‘ุณ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฃุจุณุท ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงูˆ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง.
ุซู… ูŠุชูุงู‚ู… ูˆุชุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุถ ู‡ุงุดูŠู…ุงุชูˆ..
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู†ุตุญ ุจู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ูƒู„ ุดู‡ุฑ - ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุงุนุทุงุก ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ
Subclinical hypothyroidism
ุฅู„ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ูƒุงู„ุญู…ู„ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงูˆ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ ุงุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† 10 mIU/L.

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Primary hyperthyroidism
====================

โ†“ TSH
โ†‘ free T3
โ†‘ freeT4
Primary hyperthyroidism

Causes:
======
1๏ธโƒฃ Gravesโ€™ disease (Basedow disease, the most common):
development of an IgG antibody against the thyroid TSH receptor (anti-TSH-receptor-stimulating antibody (TSH-R [stim] Ab), also called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI).
ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ TSH ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ TSH.

2๏ธโƒฃ Multinodular goiter and Toxic nodule: Autonomous hyperfunction.
ูƒุชู„ุฉ (ุบูŠุฑ ุณุฑุทุงู†ูŠุฉ) ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุบุฏูŠ ุฏุฑู‚ูŠ ุงุถุงููŠ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ.



โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Secondary hyperthyroidism:
======================

โ†‘ TSH
โ†‘ free T3
โ†‘ free T4
Secondary hyperthyroidism

Causes:
=====
TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas.



โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Subclinical hyperthyroidism:
======================

โ†“ TSH
โ†’ free T3
โ†’ free T4
Subclinical hyperthyroidism

1โƒฃThyroxine ingestion: Because the pituitary is slow to register acute changes in thyroid hormone
status "pituitary lag" , 4 to 8 weeks may be needed for serum TSH values to reach a new steady state after dose adjustments.

2โƒฃ ุงูˆ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉุŒ ูŠูู†ุตุญ ุจู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ูƒู„ ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุนุฑุงุถ ูุฑุท ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
T3 thyrotoxicosis:
===============
โ†“ TSH
โ†’ FT4
โ†‘ FT3
T3 thyrotoxicosis

Causes:
=======
1๏ธโƒฃEarly phases of Graves disease.
2๏ธโƒฃToxic nodular goiter or toxic adenoma.

If the TSH concentration is low but the T4 concentration is within the healthy reference interval, a T3, measurement should be performed because T3 concentration is often elevated to a greater degree than is T4 in the early phases of Graves disease and in some patients with solitary or multinodulartoxic goiters (so-called T3 thyrotoxicosis).
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข
-------------------------------------------------

T4 thyrotoxicosis:
===============
Hyperthyroidism in which T4 but not T3 is increased, which occurs in patients with iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis and in euthyroid patients who are sick for other reasons.

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿ‚Thyroid Gland Tests Interpretation Summary:

ู…ุชุงุจุนูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุงู…โ€ฆ ู…ุชุงุจุนูŠู† ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ... ูƒู†ุงุŒ ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุทุฑู‚ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉ ู„ุฅุถุทุฑุงุจ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ุฎุงู…ูŠุฉ (TSH)..
ูˆุชุทุฑู‚ู†ุง ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุณุจุจ/ุงุณุจุงุจ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ู…ู†ูุตู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹โ€ฆ
ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฌู…ุนู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุทุฑู‚ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ุงุณุจุงุจุŒ ูˆู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุณุจุจ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุฑุฌูˆุน ู„ู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰โ€ฆ
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab


ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ู‡ูŠ:
1๏ธโƒฃ
โ†‘ TSH,
โ†“ free T4
โ†“ free T3
Primary hypothyroidism


2๏ธโƒฃ
โ†“ TSH,
โ†“ free T4
โ†“ free T3
Secondary Hypothyroidism


3๏ธโƒฃ
โ†‘ TSH,
โ†’ free T3
โ†’ free T4
Subclinical hypothyroidism:


4๏ธโƒฃ
โ†“ TSH
โ†‘ free T3
โ†‘ freeT4
Primary hyperthyroidism


5๏ธโƒฃ
โ†‘ TSH
โ†‘ free T3
โ†‘ free T4
Secondary hyperthyroidism


6๏ธโƒฃ
โ†“ TSH
โ†’ free T3
โ†’ free T4
Subclinical hyperthyroidism


7๏ธโƒฃ
โ†“ TSH
โ†’ FT4
โ†‘ FT3
T3 thyrotoxicosis


8๏ธโƒฃ
โ†“ TSH
โ†’ FT3
โ†‘ FT4
T4 thyrotoxicosis


9๏ธโƒฃ
โ†’ TSH
โ†“ free T3
โ†“ free T4
hypothyroidism: due to inactive TSH.


๐Ÿ”Ÿ
โ†’ TSH
โ†‘ T3
โ†‘ T4
Thyroid hormone resistance

(
no clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism-).


โธ
โ†“TSH (but near-normal)
โ†‘ free T3
โ†‘ free T4
TSHoma

(Clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism).

ุงู„ุญุงู„ุชูŠู† 10& 11 ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุชูŠู† ู…ุนุง ูŠูุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…:
syndromes of 'inappropriate secretion of TSH (IST)


https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿ‚Calcium Disorder:
๐ŸŒบ ==============
๐Ÿ”ฐุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุนู„ุงู‚ุชู‡ุง ุจุชู†ุธูŠู… ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู…:
ุง=====================
ู†ุธุงู… ุญุณู‘ุงุณ ุตุงุฑู… ูˆ ุณุฑูŠุนุŒ ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ูŠุธู„ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฏูˆู† ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉู ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู†.
 ู†ุธุงู… ูŠุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู† ูŠุนูŠุฏ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู‰ ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ุนุฏูˆุฏุฉุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฎู„ู„ ู…ูุงุฌุฆ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡.. !!
๐Ÿค” ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑุงู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ููŠ ุชุฃุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุŸ ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชู…ูŠู‘ุฒ ุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุนู† ุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุญุธู‰ ุจู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉุŸ!โ€ฆ .
๐Ÿ‘Œ ู„ุง ุชูƒุงุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุŒ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุนุดุฑุงุช ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ู ูˆุณุงู‚ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงูˆ ุจุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…โ€ฆ ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹...

๐Ÿ‘† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู„ู‚ุŒ ูˆู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุง ูŠุชูˆู‚ู ูˆู„ูˆ ู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุงูˆ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงู† ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุณุจุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ุŒ ุงุฑุชุฃูŠู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุชุฒูˆู‘ุฏ ูˆู„ูˆ ุจุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุจู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุนู† ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุธู… ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ุŒ ูˆุนู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุณุจุจ ููŠ ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุฉ ู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุงุถุทุฑุงุจุŒ ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌู‡ุงโ€ฆ..

โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Disorders of the Parathyroids , Calcium & Phosphorus Metabolism:
==============================

๐Ÿ”ฐ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู† ุชุฌุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏุŒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงูˆ ุจุงุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…. ูุฅู†ุญุฑุงู ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉู‹ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู†ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ูˆุฎูŠู…ุฉุŒ ูƒุงู„ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุถู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ูˆู†ูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุดู†ุฌ ุงู„ุนุถู„ูŠ ูˆ ุชุดู†ุฌ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู†ู‚ุตุงู†ู‡..
ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุชู‡: ุญุตูˆุงุช ูƒู„ูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุชุฃุฎุฑ ุงูˆ ุชุจุงุทุค ุฑุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุงูุนุงู„ ( ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ู†ูุงุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุบุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู… )ุŒ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุงู…ุณุงูƒุŒ ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ู†ูุธู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจุŒ ุชุนุฑู‘ูุถ ุงูˆ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ู„ู„ูƒุณุฑ ( ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุงุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู…)....ุงู„ุฎ.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุจุดุฏู‘ุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุ› ุชุฌู†ุจุงู ู„ุฃูŠุฉ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู‚ุฏ ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡.

๐Ÿ”ฐ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุชู†ุชุฌ ู…ู† ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุงู„ู… ู†ุฐูƒุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดุงู‡ุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุชุจุนู‡ โ€“ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡- ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู‘ู ุนู„ู‰ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูุน ุงูˆ ุชุฎูุถ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู‡.

๐Ÿ”ฐ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงูˆ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ุคุดุฑ ู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฑุถูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุฐุงุช ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจู‡ ูƒู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ (PTH)
ูˆููŠุชุงู…ูŠู†D ูˆุงู„ูุณููˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุบู†ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡...

ูˆุณู†ุจุฏุฃ ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ( ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุตุญุชู‡ุง )ุŒ ูˆุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ( ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ุฑุถู‡ุง ).
.
ูˆู‚ุจู„ ุงู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ุนู† ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ PTHุŒ ูŠู„ุฒู…ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆู„ูˆ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุนู† ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆุนู† ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ู„ู‡.

๐Ÿ”ฐุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู…:
ุง===================

ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ุง ูˆุฒู†ู‡ 1.0-1.3 ูƒุฌู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ูˆุฒุนุฉ ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:
99% ููŠ ุงู„ุนุธุงู….
1% ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ.

๐Ÿ…ฐ๏ธุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุฌุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… (99%) ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ูŠู† :
1๏ธโƒฃ 99% ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠ ุจู„ู‘ูˆุฑูŠ ู…ุชุญุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ูŠุณู…ู‰ hydroxyapatite ( ุชุดูƒู‘ู„ 70% ู…ู† ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ) ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ุตู„ุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ูƒู…ุฎุฒูˆู† ู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต "ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ long-term" ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ( ุฃูŠ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ู†ู‚ุตู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ูุชุฑุงุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู…ุชุตุงุตู‡ู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุชุฒูˆู‘ุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ุงูˆ ุฃูŠ ุณุจุจ ุงุฎุฑ ูƒุฎู„ู„ ููŠ "ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏ" ุงูˆ ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ...ุงู„ุฎ ). ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ู„ู„ุนุธุงู… ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุธุงู… ู…ู† ุงูŠุงู… ุงู„ู‰ ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุชุญุฑุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ู‚ูˆุชู‡ ูˆุตู„ุงุจุชู‡. ูˆุงุฐุง ุงุณุชู…ุฑุช ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ู„ูุชุฑุงุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุถุนู ุงู„ุนุธุงู….
2๏ธโƒฃ1% ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุญุฑ ( ูˆ ุงูŠุถุง ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุฑ) ููŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ( ุงู„ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ )ุŒ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ู„ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน "ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ short-term" ู…ุน ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ.

๐Ÿ…ฑ๏ธุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุฌุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… (1%) ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุดูƒุงู„ :
1๏ธโƒฃ50% ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ุชุฃูŠู† ุญุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุดุท ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงู‹.
2๏ธโƒฃ40% ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุงู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู†.
3๏ธโƒฃ10% ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ูˆุงู„ู„ุงูƒุชุงุช ูˆุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ุจูŠูˆูƒุงุฑุจูˆู†ุงุช...ุงู„ุฎ.

โ›”๏ธLong-term & Short-term Regulations of calcium by PTH

ุณูŠุชู… ุชูˆุถูŠุญู‡ ุงูƒุซุฑ ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจู‡ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ (PTH) ููŠ ู†ุชุธูŠู… ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡.. ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจู‡ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ (PTH) ููŠ ู†ุชุธูŠู… ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู…:
ุง===========================

๐Ÿ”ฐุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุญุณู‘ุงุณุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ( ุงู„ู…ุชุฃูŠู† - ุงู„ุญุฑ ) ุชุณู…ู‰:
Calcium-sensing Receptors( CaRs )
ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช - ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ุฑุชูุนุงู‹ - ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุทู„ุงู‚ ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ูˆูŠุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุซุจูŠุท ู…ู† ุงูุฑุงุฒ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู€PTH. ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ ูŠุญุฏุซ: ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู‚ู„ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุชุชุญุณุณ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‚ุตุŒ ูุชุนุทูŠ ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ูˆูŠุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู†ุดูŠุท ุงูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†. ูˆ ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ู€ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุ› ุชุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซูˆุงู†ู ู…ุนุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชุญุณุณู‡ุง ู„ู‡ุจูˆุท ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุงู„ุซุงุจุชุฉ ู„ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ุนุฏูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ - ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠุฉ -.. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉุŒ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู„: ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู† ุชุฌุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏุŒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงูˆ ุจุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู….

๐Ÿ”ฐูŠู†ุทู„ู‚ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ู„ู€PTH ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุญุณุณ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุชู‡ุงู‹ ู„ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ุถูŠู‘ู‚ ุจุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุชูŠู†... ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†.
ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ุนุฑู ุงู† ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุชูŠู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู†ูุตู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ู…ุชุฒุงู…ู†ุงู‹ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุณุจุจ ุณู†ุนุฑูู‡ ู…ุน ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณูู„..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข


Action of PTH on bone and kidney:
=========================

1๏ธโƒฃPTH has both direct and indirect actions on bone:
(1)Initially and transiently, PTH acts directly on osteoblasts and to cause an increase in bone formation.
(2) In a second, indirect action, PTH cytokines release from osteoblasts, which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts. Alone, the bone effect would not elevate plasma Ca ??, because of complexation of Ca with phosphate. Importantly, the coordinated action of PTH on kidney to inhibit phosphate reabsorption, causing phosphaturia and elimination of the phosphate resorbed from bone, a consequent fall in plasma phosphate, allows plasma Ca to rise. Also, PTH increases renal tubular Ca reabsorption providing more Ca to the extracellular fluid and contributing to the rise in plasma Ca concentration.โคต๏ธ
2๏ธโƒฃPTH Indirectly enhancing intestinal calcium absorption by increasing the renal production of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D.
ุดุฑุญ ุชูˆุถูŠุญูŠ ุจุณูŠุท:
ุง==============
ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุดูˆุฑ ุณุงุจู‚ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุนู† ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏุงู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุญุฑ ู…ู†ูุตู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏุงู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ู‚ูˆูŠ ูˆุตู„ุจ ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ู‰ ุจุนุธู‡ู…ุง..
ููŠ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู„ุนุธุงู… ุชุณู…ู‰ osteoblastsุŒ ูˆุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู„ู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ osteoclasts..
ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุงู„ู€PTH ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ. ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูุฑุฒ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู„ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆูŠุฑุชุจุท ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชูƒุงุซุฑู‡ุง ูุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑู‘ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… ูƒุฅุฌุฑุงุก ูˆู‚ุงุฆูŠ ุณุฑูŠุน ู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ุจู‡ู…ุงโ† "ุชุฃุซุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…".
ูƒู…ุง ุชูุฑุฒ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนุธุงู… ุงูŠุถุง cytokines
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูุฒ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุธุงู… ู„ู‡ุฏู…ู‡ ูˆุงุฎุฑุงุฌ ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…-ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ูˆุงุทู„ุงู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… โ†" ุชุฅุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ู„ุนุธุงู…".

ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู„ู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ูุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุฑูุน ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุงู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† -ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช- ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุนู…ู„ุงู‹ ุขุฎุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†ุŒ ุจุญุซู‘ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ุŸุŸุŸ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุน ุงุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ูˆุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŸุŸ

ู„ุนู„ูƒู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‘ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุญุฑ ูˆู†ุณุจุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู†ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ุงูˆ ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุงู‹ โ€“ ุฃูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ุงุฐุง ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุญุฑ ( ุงู„ู†ุดุท ) ู…ู† ุงุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุงู†ูุตู„ุช ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูŠุชุญุฑุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ. ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ( ูˆู…ุนู‡ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ) ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ู†ู‚ุต ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุญุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ. ูุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ... ูˆุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ู„ุง ูŠุณุชูุงุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ุฑูุน ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฑุชุจุทุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ู†ุดุงุทุŒ ููˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ูƒุนุฏู…ู‡.. ููŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุญุซ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ููŠุฑุชูุน ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ููŠุญุตู„ ู†ู‚ุต ู„ู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู….. ูˆุจุณุจุจ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุชู… ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุจูุตู„ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ุงุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุจูุนู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ. ุงู†ูุตุงู„ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ูŠุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุญุฑุงู‹ ุจุนุฏ ุงู† ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑุชุจุทุงู‹ ู…ุนู‡ุŒ ููŠูุถุงู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ููŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡... ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุธู„ ุงู„ุนู…ู„... ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ููŠุชู… ุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ู„ูŠู†ู‚ุต ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ุŒ ููŠุญุตู„ ุงู†ูุตุงู„ ู„ู„ููˆุณูุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ู„ูŠุนูˆุถ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ู…ุทุฑูˆุฏุŒ ุชุงุฑูƒุงู‹ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุญุฑู‘ุฉ ุจุฅู†ูุตุงู„ู‡ ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูุชูุถุงู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠุฑุชูุน ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡.

ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงุฐุง ุงุตุจุญ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…ุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุงุฏู‰ ุงู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงูˆ ุญุฑู…ุงู† ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุฐูˆ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ูุดู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† "ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ" ุงูˆ ุจุณุจุจ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ู„ูุชุฑุงุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุถุนูู‡ ูˆู‡ุดุงุดุชู‡.

๐Ÿ”ฐุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจู‡ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุจุฑูุน ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุง ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุณุฑูŠุน ูƒุญุงู„ุฉ ุทูˆุงุฑุฆ ูŠุชู… ุจู‡ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ู† ูˆู‚ุช ุชุญุณุณ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุตุงู†ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู„ุนุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†ุŒ ุจุชู†ุดูŠุทู‡ุง ู„ู€ "ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ" ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏุฑูˆู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุกุŒ ุจุชุญููŠุฒู‡ ู„ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ูˆู†ุงู‚ู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู…ู† 12 โ€“ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ู„ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก. ูˆู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ุงุจุฏ ู…ู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅุณุนุงููŠู‡ ู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจู‡ุŒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆู…ู†ุน ุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุฒู‘ูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก. ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆู‘ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก ูˆุชุนุฏูŠู„ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุชู„ู‚ูŠู… ุฑุงุฌุน ุณู„ุจูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุญุณุณ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠุชูˆู‚ู ุงูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุŒ ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุฒูˆู‘ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก ูƒุนูˆุฒ ููŠ "ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ" ุงูˆ ูุดู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชู†ุดูŠุทู‡ ุงูˆ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุตุงุตุŒ ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ูˆูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุชู†ุดู‘ุท ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุธุงู…ุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูุชุฎุฑุฌู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูŠุตุงุจ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุจุงู„ู‡ุดุงุดุฉ.

ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู€PTH ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุญููŠุฒ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุงู„ุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠ
โˆ-1 hydroxlase ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูˆู‘ู„ ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู†ุดุท ุงู„ู‰ ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ ู†ุดุท:

25(OH) vitamin D (inactive) โ†’ 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (active)
ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก ุนุจุฑ ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงู‚ู„ุฉ Calbinden.
ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ PTH
ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡โ€ฆ ุชุงุจุนูˆู†ุง..
ู…ู„ุฎุต:
ุง====
โ™ฆ๏ธูŠู†ุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ู€PTH ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซูˆุงู†ู ู…ู† ุชุญุณุณ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุซุจูŠุช ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚.
โ™ฆ๏ธุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…:
1๏ธโƒฃุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑู‡: ุนุจุฑ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ ุงู„ุนุธุงู….
2๏ธโƒฃูˆุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ: ุนุจุฑ ุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชุญูู‘ุฒ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู„ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ู…ุนู‚ุฏู‘ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ู…ู† ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ matrix ( ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ุจูŠู† ุฎู„ูˆูŠุฉ ).

โ™ฆ๏ธุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†:
1๏ธโƒฃูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ูˆุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช (ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ).
2๏ธโƒฃูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† ุฏูŠ ( ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ).

Short-term regulation of Ca:
ุชุญุฏุซ ูˆู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุชุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฒุงุฏ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุต ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูุงุฌู‰ ูˆู„ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุฃู† ูŠุจุชู„ุน ุงู„ุดุฎุต ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงูˆ ูู‚ุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุงุณู‡ุงู„. ูŠุญุฏุซ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุจูŠู† ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุนุธุงู…: ุฅู…ุง ุจุชุฑุณูŠุจ ุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงูˆ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุงุชุฑูƒุณ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู….
Long-term regulation of Ca:
ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏุซ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†-ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุณู„ุงู…ุชู‡ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุดุฑุญู†ุง ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰..

โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
SERUM CALCIUM MEASUREMENT:

1๏ธโƒฃ Introduction:
โ€”โ€”โ€”โˆ’โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€“โ€”
๐Ÿ”ปCalcium (Ca2+), a positively charged ion, circulates in the bloodstream both in the free โ€“ionized- (50%), and bound to plasma proteins (50%).

๐Ÿ”ปSome authorities strongly recommend measurement of the ionized calcium rather than the total ( Free calcium is considered the best indicator of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and 1,25 (OH)2D.

๐Ÿ”ปBecause most laboratories measure the total calcium level, not just the ionized calcium, a change in serum albumin level means a change in the total serum reference values. A decrease of 1 g of albumin means that the serum total calcium level is about 0.8 mg less ( 1 g/dl of albumin binds approximately 0.8 mg/dl of calcium).
A low calcium level caused by a low albumin level does not cause symptoms of hypocalcemia.

๐Ÿ”ปAcidosis causes an increase in the ionized portion of calcium, and alkalosis causes a decrease.
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข


2๏ธโƒฃ Measurement Methods:
โ€”โ€”โ€”โˆ’โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€“โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
๐Ÿ”ปSpectrophotometric, ion selective electrodes (ISEs), and occasionally atomic absorption methods are routinely used.
Spectrophotometric Methods use metallochromic indicators that change color when they bind calcium. Although less accurate than atomic absorption spectrometry, they have been easier to automate.

3๏ธโƒฃ Specimen Requirements:
โ€”โ€”โ€”โˆ’โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€“โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
๐Ÿ…ฐ๏ธ Serum or heparinized plasma.

๐Ÿ…ฑ๏ธ Urine specimens ( 24-hour ) should be in 20-30 mL of 6 mol/L HCI .


โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข
Specimen Requirements for calcium Measurement:
====================================
1๏ธโƒฃ Serum or heparinized plasma.
โ›”๏ธ Citrate, oxalate, and EDTA anticoagulants should not be used because they interfere by forming complexes with calcium.
โ›”๏ธ Heparinized plasma may be used but Co-precipitation of calcium with fibrin in heparinized plasma or lipids has been reported with storage or freezing.
โ›”๏ธ Heparin lowers free calcium at the concentrations > 30 U/mL.
โ›”๏ธ The use of liquid heparin should be avoided.

2๏ธโƒฃ Tourniquet use causes an increase in total ( 0.5 - 1.0 mg/dl ), but not in free, calcium associated with tourniquet use and venous occlusion during sampling because of the increase in protein-bound calcium caused by the efflux of water from the vascular compartment during stasis.
โ›”๏ธ If a tourniquet is required, it should be applied just before sampling and released within 1 minute.

3๏ธโƒฃ Standing decreases intravascular water and increases the total calcium concentration by 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dl.

4๏ธโƒฃ Hemodilution caused by recumbency (along with hypoalbuminemia) contributes to the increased prevalence of hypocalcemia (total, but not free calcium) often observed in hospital patients.

5๏ธโƒฃ Fist clenching or other forearm exercise should be avoided before phlebotomy because forearm exercise causes a decrease in pH (lactic acid production) and an increase in free calcium.

6๏ธโƒฃ Specimens for free calcium must be collected anaerobically (syringes and evacuated tubes should be filled completely and sealed ) to minimize alterations in pH due to the loss of CO2 (increase in pH), and specimens should also be handled (maintained on ice ) to prevent the production of lactic acid (decrease in pH) by erythrocytes or white blood cells during anaerobic metabolism or glycolysis. Free calcium changes by about 5% for each 0.1-unit change in pH.
ุชุงุจุน ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠู ูŠุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑุŒ ุงูˆ ุงุถุบุท ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุงุจุท โฌ‡๏ธ
https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/587

7๏ธโƒฃ Free calcium is reported to be stable in whole blood specimens for 1 hour at room temperature and for 4 hours at 4C. If analysis is not completed within 1 hour, serum collected in evacuated gel tubes may be the optimal specimen. The tubes should be filled completely. Once centrifuged, specimens are stable for hours
at 25C and for days at 4C, provided the tube remains sealed.
ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุนุฏู… ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุชู… ุงุฑุณุงู„ู‡ุง ุงูˆ ุญูุธู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† ูุตู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุธุฑูˆู ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ ู„ุชุซุจูŠุท ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุญู„ู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุฌู†ู‘ุจ ุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ุงู„ู„ุงูƒุชูƒ ุงุณูŠุฏุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูŠุฌุจ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ูุญุต ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุงุฑุฏู†ุง ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฑุชูุนุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุทุฆ ุจุณุจุจ ุชุซุจูŠุท ู…ุถุฎุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…- ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู…
Na-K ATPase
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ โ€“ ุงู„ู…ุถุฎุฉ โ€“ ุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุนู†ู‡ ููŠ ุฎุงุฑุฌู‡ุงุŒ ูููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุซุจูŠุท ุนู…ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏุฉุŒ ุณูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ููŠุฑุชูุน ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡.


8๏ธโƒฃ Urine specimens should be in 20-30 mL of 6 mol/L HCI per 24-hour specimen (1 to 2 mL for a random specimen) to prevent calcium salt precipitation. Addition of acid after the collection may not completely dissolve precipitated calcium salts.

ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณูˆู ู†ุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ุฎุงุต ู†ุดุฑุญ ููŠู‡ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎููŠู ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ( ุงูŠุงู‹ ูƒุงู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง ) ู„ุญูุธ ุนูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ( ู„ุฃูŠ ูุญุต ูƒุงู† ). ูููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ - ู„ู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… - ูŠุทู„ุจ ุญุฌู… ู…ุนูŠู† ( 20-30 ู…ู„ ) ู…ู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 6 ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชุญุถูŠุฑู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุณู‡ู„ุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุงุบู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุนูุฑูููŽ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉ ูƒุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ -ู…ุซู„ุงู‹- ุงู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ 10 ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูƒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ โ€“ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉ - ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ูˆ 35% ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŸ ูƒูŠู ู†ุญุถู‘ุฑ ุญุฌู… 25 ู…ู„ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 6 ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ 35% ุŸุŸ ุณู†ุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ู…ู† ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Hypercalcemia:
============

๐Ÿ…พ Hypercalcemia results when blood calcium levels in a subject are above the expected normal range of a healthy population.

๐Ÿ…พ Causes:
1โƒฃ Two of the more common causes of hypercalcemia are:

๐Ÿ”ป Hyperparathyroidism (A common cause of chronic hypercalcemia): an increase in parathyroid gland function caused by a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. This form of hypercalcemia is usually mild and can be present for many years before being noticed.

๐Ÿ”ป Cancer (The most common cause of acute hypercalcemia ): can cause hypercalcemia when it spreads to the bones.Cancer can produces a hormone similar to PTH ( parathyroid hormone related peptide,PTHrp ), which has an activity similar to that of PTH in that it can increase the concentration of plasma calcium. However, unlike PTH, the release of PTHrp is not controlled by the concentration of ionized calcium.. Furthermore, cytokines and prostaglandins produced by tumours that metastasize to bones may increase bone resorption, which, in turn, releases calcium and contributes towards the raised plasma concentrations.

โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข


2โƒฃ Some other causes of hypercalcemia include:

๐Ÿ”ป Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: graulomatous diseases contain macrophages in which there is increased conversion of 25(OH) vitamin D (inactive) to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (active).

๐Ÿ”ป Prolonged immobilization for example as in Pagetโ€™s disease:* there is decreased bone formation but continual resorption of bone and release of calcium that is lost in the urine.
๐Ÿ”ป Excess vitamin D intake
๐Ÿ”ป Thiazide diuretics: diuretics can reduce renal calcium excretion
๐Ÿ”ป Othersโ€ฆ.
Hypocalcemia:
============

Causes:
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
1๏ธโƒฃ The most common cause of low total calcium is:
Low blood protein levels, especially a low level of albumin, which can result from liver disease or malnutrition, both of which may result from alcoholism or other illnesses. With low albumin, only the bound calcium is low while ionized calcium remains normal, and calcium metabolism is being regulated appropriately.


2๏ธโƒฃ Some other causes of hypocalcemia include:

๐Ÿ”ป Underactive parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism)
๐Ÿ”ป Inherited resistance to the effects of parathyroid hormone
๐Ÿ”ป Extreme deficiency in dietary calcium
๐Ÿ”ป Decreased levels of vitamin D
๐Ÿ”ป Magnesium deficiency
๐Ÿ”ป Increased levels of phosphorus
๐Ÿ”ป Acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
๐Ÿ”ป Renal failure.
ู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ุตุงู† ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุฑุฌุงุก ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุจุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุจุท ุงุฏู†ุงู‡ โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ
https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/320
https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/321



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โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
Adjusted or Corrected Total Calcium for albumin concentration:
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
==================================
๐Ÿ…พ Changes in the concentration of albumin in plasma affect the total Ca concentration but not the free Ca content.โ˜ž A low plasma albumin concentration produces a low total plasma Ca concentration and, conversely, a high plasma albumin concentration gives rise to a high total plasma Ca concentration.

๐Ÿ…พ (1 g/dl of albumin binds approximately 0.8 mg/dl of calcium).
๐Ÿ‘Œ The effect of these changes can be overcome by measuring free Ca.

๐Ÿ…พ Equations:
=========
๐Ÿ…ฐ When [albumin] is less than 4.0 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca + 0.8 (4 โ€“ Albumin [g/dl] ).

๐Ÿ…ฑ When [albumin] is more than 4.5 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca โ€“ 0.8 (albumin โ€“ 4.5 [g/dl])

Because ionized calcium best correlates with the biological activity of calcium, as well as with symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, the direct measurement of it may often be more valuable clinically.

๐Ÿ…พ Since the free Ca2+ concentration is unaffected by variations in the concentration of albumin, clinical symptoms are not manifested. However, free Ca2+ competes with H+ for negatively charged binding sites on albumin and changes in the concentration of free Ca2+ may occur in acute acidโ€“base disorders, with clinical consequences. These do not, however, affect the total plasma Ca2+ concentration. In alkalosis, more H+ dissociates from albumin allowing increased amounts of free Ca2+ to bind to it. This has the effect of increasing the protein bound Ca2+ fraction but at the expense of decreasing the free plasma Ca2+ leading to hypocalcemia. In acidosis, increasing amounts of H+ bind to albumin as Ca2+ dissociates from it, decreasing the protein bound Ca2+ and increasing free plasma Ca2+ producing hypercalcemia.


๐Ÿ…พ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ู…ุดุญูˆู† ุจุดุญู†ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ูˆุงูŠุถุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ู…ุดุญูˆู† ุจุดุญู†ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ. ูŠุญุฏุซ ุชู†ุงูุณ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ู„ู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุท ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง - ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ - ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชูˆุงุฒู†. ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู†ู‚ุต ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ( โ†‘ PH ุŒ ูˆุณุท ู‚ุงุนุฏูŠ ) ุชู†ูุตู„ ุฐุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุชุงุฑูƒุฉู‹ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญุฑู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุชุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ููŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ุงูŠ ุงู†ู‘ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ูŠู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ( โ†“ PH ุŒ ูˆุณุท ุญุงู…ุถูŠ ) ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุชู†ุงูุณ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงูƒุซุฑ ู„ู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ููŠู‚ู„ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูˆูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุญุฑุงู‹ ูุชุฒูŠุฏ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠููุถู‘ู„ ูุญุต ุงู„ู€PH ู„ูƒู„ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุงู‹ ู„ู‡ุง ูุญุต ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑุŒ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุŒ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‡ู„ ุชู… ุณุญุจ ูˆูุตู„ ูˆุงุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู… ู„ุงุŸ ูู‚ุฏ ูŠู„ุฒู…ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุชุตุญูŠุญ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€PH ู„ู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงูƒุจุฑ ุงูˆ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 7.4 ุญุณุจ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ( ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู…ุณุจู‚ุง ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฑุฌูˆุน ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง )ุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู†ู‘ูŽู‡ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุงุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑุฉ ุณูˆุงุก ู‚ุงุนุฏูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ุญุงู…ุถูŠุฉุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุตุญูŠุญ ูˆูู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุงู‹ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงุตู„ุงู‹ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ acidosis or alkalosis.

๐Ÿ‘Œ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ : ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ูŠู‚ู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุชุงู„ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญุฑุŒ ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญุฑ โ€“ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† - ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูˆุชุงู„ ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ: ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูุงู„ุชูˆุชุงู„ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุซุงุจุชุงู‹.
โ™ฆ๏ธ ู…ู…ุง ุณุจู‚ ู†ูู‡ู… ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ููŠ:
โ—๏ธ ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุตุญูŠุญ ู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ( ุงู„ุชูˆุชุงู„ ) ูู‚ุทู€ุŒ ุงู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ูู„ุง ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ.
โ€ผ๏ธ ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ูู„ุง ุชุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุŒ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุตุญูŠุญ ู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑ ูู‚ุท ุจุดุฑุท ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุณ ู†ุงุชุฌ ุจุณุจุจ ุณูˆุก ุณุญุจ ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงูˆ ูุตู„ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ุŒ ูˆ ุงู†ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ุง ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงุตู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ููŠ ุงูุณู‘ู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ.

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
PTH, Parathyroid hormone, parathormone or parathyrin:
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
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โ™ฆ๏ธ Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney.

โ™ฆ๏ธ High PTH levels stimulate the conversion of 25ยฌ(OH)D (inactive) to 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D (active), while low PTH levels allows 25ยฌ(OH)D to be metabolized to 24,25ยฌ(OH)2D (inactive) instead of 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D.

Addition information on how parathyroid hormone and vitamin D control calcium balance can be found in this channel, please check the link below

https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/580

โ™ฆ๏ธPrimary hyperparathyroidism:
Primary hyperparathyroidism results from parathyroid adenoma.
Most commonly results from a benign tumor affecting one of the four parathyroid glands. Occasionally, all four glands are enlarged. Excessive secretion of PTH results in increased bone resorption, increased renal reabsorption of calcium, and increased production of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (and thus increased intestinal calcium absorption). These combined actions result in hypercalcemia and, over time, bone loss due to hyperresorption. A similar syndrome occurs in patients with malignant (nonparathyroid) tumors that secrete large amounts of PTHrP.

โ™ฆ๏ธ Secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a result of hypocalcemia secondary to renal insufficiency or intestinal malabsorption.
can occur as a result of conditions that produce chronic hypocalcemia such as chronic renal failure. Hypocalcemia has both a direct stimulatory effect on PTH secretion and an indirect effect by promoting the increased proliferation of parathyroid cells. Over time, chronic hypocalcemia produces a massive increase in the size of the parathyroid glands due to hyperplasia. This results in very high circulating levels of PTH and excessive bone resorption, often resulting in bone pain and fragility.

โ™ฆ๏ธ Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in a high blood calcium level.

โ™ฆ๏ธ Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition where excessive secretion of PTH occurs because the target tissues fail to respond to this hormone (resistance) and hypocalcaemia persists.

Action of PTH โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ

https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/580

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Ca and PTH tests Interpretation, See image above โคด๏ธ โคด๏ธ

๐Ÿ†” @Biochem_Lab
2025/06/27 02:54:44
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