🔆 India Hosts 8th Session of Codex Committee on Spices & Culinary Herbs (CCSCH-8)

📍 Venue: Guwahati | Date: 17 Oct 2025 | Source: PIB Delhi

✅ Key Outcome: Finalized Codex standards for large cardamom, vanilla, and coriander — boosting global spice quality and trade benchmarks.
✅ Organised by: Spices Board India under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry; operates within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO & WHO).
✅ Significance:
• Ensures uniform global benchmarks for spice quality and safety.
• Enhances India’s export competitiveness as a leading producer of cardamom and coriander.
• Strengthens India’s role as a trusted partner in the global spice trade.
✅ Participation: Delegates from 30 countries, emphasizing science-based, harmonized, and fair-trade standards.

📍 Mains Question:
How does India’s leadership in Codex standard-setting strengthen its position in global agri-trade and promote food safety diplomacy?

#Agriculture

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🔆 Western Chalukya Dynasty (973–1189 AD)

📍 Overview
✅ Capital: Manyakheta → shifted to Kalyani (Basavakalyan)
✅ Founder: Tailapa II (defeated Rashtrakuta ruler Kakka II)
✅ Extent: Western Deccan – parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
✅ Sources: Kannada works (Gada Yuddha, Vikramankadeva Charita), coins, inscriptions

📍 Important Rulers
✅ Tailapa II (975–997 AD): Defeated Paramara King Munja; patronized poet Ranna
✅ Satyashraya (997–1008 AD): Fought Eastern Chalukyas & Cholas; defeated by Rajendra Chola I
✅ Someshwara I (1042–1068 AD): Shifted capital to Kalyani; won Battle of Koppam (1054 AD)
✅ Vikramaditya VI (1076–1126 AD): Introduced Chalukya-Vikrama Era, defeated Cholas & Hoysalas

📍 Administration
✅ Decentralized system: Mandala → Nadu → Kampana → Bada
✅ Officials: Maha Pradhan, Sandhivigrahika, Dandanayaka
✅ Women managed Nadus & Kampanas

📍 Art & Architecture
✅ Style: Gadag / Vesara Style – blend of Nagara & Dravidian
✅ Temples:
• Kashivishweshwara Temple, Lakkundi
• Dodda Basappa Temple, Dambal
• Mahadeva Temple, Itagi – “Emperor among Temples”
• Trikuteshwara Temple, Gadag

📍 Literature
✅ Sanskrit: Vikramankadeva Charita – Bilhana
✅ Kannada: Gada Yuddha, Chandombudhi, Rannakanda

#history

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🔆 Suicide in India – Key Highlights (NCRB Report)

📍 Trends & Statistics
✅ Overall Increase: Reported suicides rose by 0.3% in 2023 (vs 2022), though rate declined by 0.8%.
✅ Highest Suicide Rate: Andaman & Nicobar Islands > Sikkim > Kerala.
✅ High Suicide States (by share): Maharashtra > Tamil Nadu > Madhya Pradesh > Karnataka > West Bengal.
✅ Urban vs Rural: Cities record higher suicide rates than the national average.
✅ Gender Ratio: Male : Female = 72.8 : 27.2.

📍 Farmer Suicides
✅ 10,786 deaths (6.3% of total suicides).
✅ Zero reported in: West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa.

📍 Government Initiatives
✅ National Suicide Prevention Strategy (2022): Reduce suicides by 10% by 2030.
✅ Tele-MANAS: 24×7 free tele-mental health helpline.
✅ National Mental Health Programme (NMHP): Decentralized mental healthcare.
✅ Manodarpan (MoE): Psychosocial support for students, teachers & families.

#social_issue #society #mains

🔆 Mud Volcano Eruption in Baratang Island (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)

📍 Recent Event
✅ India’s only active mud volcano in Baratang Island has erupted after 20 years, releasing mud, gases, and water.

📍 About Mud Volcanoes
✅ Definition: Natural vents that expel a mix of mud, water, and gases (mainly methane, sometimes CO₂ or nitrogen) — not molten lava.
✅ Formation Areas: Common in natural gas–rich regions.
✅ Cause of Eruption: Triggered by tectonic pressure or hydrocarbon gas buildup beneath the surface.
✅ Structure: Forms cone-like mounds, mimicking true volcanic shapes.

#Geography

Upsc EPFO prelims Short Notes

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Quick revise

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🗞 Prelims 2026 starts now!!!

🆕First Academy in India which deals only with UPSC Prelims exam. This is very different.

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▶️Many failures have cleared Prelims for the first time from our platform. It’s your turn now.

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🔆 22 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Brazil & India form strategic alliance for economic and tech cooperation — announced by President Lula da Silva.
✅ Mercer–CFA Global Pension Index 2025: India ranks 52/52 (score 43.8, Grade D); Netherlands, Iceland & Denmark top.
✅ UPOV (1991 Convention): Report flags rising FTA pressure on countries to adopt strict plant variety protection laws (India not a member).
✅ IEA Report: Sustainable fuel use may quadruple by 2035; could create 2 million jobs & attract $1.5T investment.
✅ WDMMA 2025: India overtakes China to become 3rd most powerful Air Force globally.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Ministry of Mines launches State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) — MP, Rajasthan & Gujarat top performers.
✅ FSSAI bans misuse of the term “ORS” on food products; deemed misbranding under FSS Act 2006.
✅ 8th Codex Committee Session on Spices & Herbs (CCSCH) held in Guwahati — global standards finalized for Vanilla, Coriander & Large Cardamom.
✅ Bathou Religion of the Bodo community (Assam) gets separate census code — marks official recognition of indigenous faith.
✅ WOL3D opens BRAHMA 3D Printing Farm (Mumbai) with 200+ printers producing 10,000 parts weekly.
✅ Ayodhya sets Guinness World Record — lights 2.6 million diyas on Diwali.
✅ India–EU hold 1st joint counter-terror exercise on drones (Manesar) focusing on UAS detection & neutralization.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Rajnath Singh inaugurates Titanium & Superalloy Materials Plant (Lucknow) — strengthens Atmanirbhar push in aerospace & defence materials.
✅ Indian Navy launches 6th ASW Craft “Magdala” at Cochin Shipyard — adds to shallow-water anti-submarine fleet.
✅ India–South Korea conduct first bilateral naval exercise at Busan.
✅ India–UK Carrier Strike Group holds joint maritime drills in Indian Ocean.

📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
✅ India launches Global “AgXelerate” Platform to connect agri-innovators across 7 countries for regenerative farming and global market access.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Rodrigo Paz elected President of Bolivia.
✅ Sanae Takaichi becomes Japan’s first female Prime Minister.
✅ Nirmal Kumar Minda takes over as President, ASSOCHAM.

📍 AWARDS & SPORTS
✅ Lionel Messi wins 2025 MLS Golden Boot — 29 goals, 19 assists for Inter Miami.
✅ Abusupyan Kharkharov receives BRICS International Award 2025 for spiritual & cultural contributions at Russia’s State Duma.

#CurrentAffairs

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ National Solidarity Day – 20 Oct (marking 1962 India–China War).
✅ Police Commemoration Day – 21 Oct.
✅ World Osteoporosis Day – 20 Oct | Theme: “It’s Unacceptable.”

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

🔆 Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme (CMRIS)

📍 Launched by: Ministry of Mines
📍 Under: National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)
📍 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📍 Tenure: FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31
📍 Outlay: ₹1,500 crore

📍 Key Objectives

✅ Promote recycling of critical minerals from secondary sources (e-waste, spent lithium-ion batteries, catalytic converters).
✅ Establish a secondary domestic supply chain to reduce import dependence.
✅ Target: 270 kilotons recycling capacity & 40 kilotons recovered minerals annually by FY 2031.

📍 Incentive Structure

✅ Incentives on Capex & Opex (reimbursement basis).
✅ Covers all recycling stages — collection → processing → extraction → purification.

📍 Beneficiary Classification

1️⃣ Group A – Large Recyclers:
• Revenue > ₹200 crore
• Investment ≥ ₹100 crore
• Capacity ≥ 10,000 tonnes
• Incentive Cap: ₹50 crore

2️⃣ Group B – Startups/Smaller Recyclers:
• Revenue < ₹200 crore
• Investment ≥ ₹25 crore
• Capacity ≥ 5,000 tonnes
• Incentive Cap: ₹25 crore
🟩 1/3rd of total outlay reserved for Group B startups.

📍 Feedstock Sources

E-waste, lithium-ion batteries, catalytic converters, secondary metal waste.
(Black-mass producers not eligible.)

📍 National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)

✅ Promote R&D in advanced mineral processing & recovery.
✅ Develop Centres of Excellence and mineral processing parks.
✅ Build national stockpile for supply security.
✅ Encourage domestic & global investments in mining and recycling.
✅ ₹16,300 crore govt. funding + ₹18,000 crore PSU/private investment.

📍 Critical Minerals Covered

🔹 Lithium, Cobalt – EV batteries, electronics
🔹 Graphite, Nickel – Alloys, battery storage
🔹 Rare Earth Elements (REEs) – Defence, high-tech
🔹 Titanium, Tungsten – Aerospace
🔹 Vanadium, Molybdenum – Steel & energy

📍 Technological & Policy Support

✅ MMDR Act (1957) – 2023 Amendments: Enable faster exploration & approvals.
✅ GSI: 368 exploration projects underway.
✅ S&T PRISM Program: Supports startups/MSMEs in mineral R&D.
✅ KABIL (JV under MoM): Secured lithium mining rights in argentina.


#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Yadava Dynasty (1187–1317 AD)

📍 Overview
✅ Capital: Devagiri (Daulatabad)
✅ Founder: Bhillama V — defeated Hoysalas & established sovereignty
✅ Extent: Maharashtra, North Karnataka, parts of Madhya Pradesh
✅ Source: Deolali inscription (mentions Seunachandra II)

📍 Important Rulers
✅ Bhillama V (1173–1191 AD)
• Title – Chakravartin Yadava (Mutugi inscription)
• Defeated Hoysala king Ballala II

✅ Simhana II (1200–1246 AD)
• Defeated Shilahara King Bhoja II
• Patronised Sarangdeva (Sangeeta Ratnakara), Changadeva (Yoga Sangrama)

✅ Ramachandra (1291–1309 AD)
• Defeated by Malik Kafur under Alauddin Khalji

📍 Art & Architecture
✅ Gondeshwar Temple (Nashik): Panchayatana layout, Bhumija-style shikhara

📍 Literature
✅ Vivekasindhu – Mukundaraja
✅ Dnyaneshwari – Dnyaneshwar (commentary on Bhagavad Gita)
✅ Karnakutuhala – Bhaskaracharya

#history

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