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πŸ”†Shahid Rajaee Port

βœ…Recently, a massive explosion occurred at Shahid Rajaee Port near the southern Iranian city of Bandar Abbas, resulting in 18 deaths and 800 injuries.

πŸ“Strategic Importance of Shahid Rajaee Port

βœ…Location: The port is located near the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly 20% of global oil trade passes, making it a critical chokepoint in global energy security.

βœ…Economic role: It is Iran’s largest and most technologically advanced container port, handling a significant share of the country’s import-export trade.

#mapping
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Tentative vacancies breakup for CSE 25
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πŸ”†China and Phillipines claim their control over Tiexian Reef

πŸ“Tiexian Reef

βœ…The Tiexian Reef or Sandy Cay is part of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
βœ…This 200 sq metre reef is situated near Thitu Island (also known as Pag-asa Island), where the Philippines maintains a military facility and a newly established coast guard base.
Spratly Islands
βœ…The Spratly Islands are a group of over 100 small islands and reefs in the South China Sea.
βœ…They are north of Malaysia and roughly halfway between Vietnam and the Philippines.

πŸ“Who Claims Them:
βœ…China, Taiwan, and Vietnam each claim the whole group.
Malaysia and the Philippines claim parts of it.
βœ…Brunei does not claim the islands themselves but claims a nearby area that includes a reef.
βœ…Climate: The islands have a tropical climate.
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πŸ”† Tea

πŸ“ Temperature
βœ… 25-35Β°C

πŸ“ Rainfall
βœ… >150 cm

πŸ“ Soil Conditions
βœ… Well-drained, deep friable loams or forest soils, rich in organic water

πŸ“ Geographical Distribution
βœ… Undulating topography of hilly areas and well-drained soils in humid and sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics
- Assam, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Cooch Bihar districts)
- Lower slopes of Nilgiri and Cardamom hills in Tamil Nadu

πŸ“ Key Features
βœ… Plantation crop
βœ… Black tea leaves – fermented
βœ… Green tea leaves – unfermented
βœ… Rich content of caffeine and tannin
βœ… Indigenous crop of hills in Northern China
βœ… India – started in the 1840s in Brahmaputra Valley
βœ… 28% of the world’s production
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πŸ”† Waterfalls in India

πŸ“ Chhattisgarh

1. Amritdhara Falls
   βœ… Height: 90 m
   βœ… River: Hasdeo (Tributary of Mahanadi)

2. Teerathgarh Falls
   βœ… Height: 91 m
   βœ… River: Munga (Tributary of Kanger which joins Mahanadi)

3. Chitrakote Waterfalls
   βœ… Height: 29 m
   βœ… River: Indravati (Tributary of Godavari)

πŸ“ Madhya Pradesh

1. Dhuandhar Waterfall
   βœ… Height: 30 m
   βœ… River: Narmada (Independent)

2. Chachai
   βœ… Height: 130 m
   βœ… River: Bihad (Tributary of Tons, a tributary of Ganga)

3. Kapildhara Falls
   βœ… Height: 30 m
   βœ… River: Narmada (Independent)

4. Rajat Prapat (Silver Falls)
   βœ… Height: 107 m
   βœ… River: Not associated with a specific river

5. Sonemuda Falls
   βœ… Height: 15 m
   βœ… River: Son (Tributary of Ganga)

πŸ“ Jharkhand

1. Panchghagh Falls
   βœ… Height: 45 m
   βœ… River: Banai (Tributary of Subarnarekha)

2. Lodh Falls
   βœ… Height: 143 m
   βœ… River: Budha (Tributary of North Koel)

3. Hundru Falls
   βœ… Height: 99 m
   βœ… River: Subarnarekha (Independent)

πŸ“ Odisha

1. Barehipani
   βœ… Height: 399 m
   βœ… River: Budhabalanga (Tributary of Subarnarekha)

2. Khandadhar Falls
   βœ… Height: 244 m
   βœ… River: Korapani Nala (Tributary of Brahmani)

3. Koilighugar Falls
   βœ… Height: 61 m
   βœ… River: Ahiraj (Tributary of Mahanadi)

πŸ“ Karnataka

1. Kunchikal Falls
   βœ… Height: 455 m
   βœ… River: Varahi (Tributary of Krishna)


2. Barkana Falls
   βœ… Height: 259 m
   βœ… River: Sita (Tributary of Krishna)

3. Jog Falls
   βœ… Height: 253 m
   βœ… River: Sharavati

4. Magod Falls
   βœ… Height: 198 m
   βœ… River: Bedti

5. Shimsha Falls
   βœ… Height: 46 m
   βœ… River: Shimsha (Tributary of Cauvery)

6. Shivanasamudra Falls
   βœ… Height: 98 m
   βœ… River: Cauvery

7. Hebbe Falls
   βœ… Height: 168 m
   βœ… River: Thunga (Tributary of Krishna)

πŸ“ Maharashtra

1. Thoseghar (Series of Waterfalls)
   βœ… Height: 15 to 20 m, one is 200m
   βœ… River: Cataracts (unnamed river)

2. Gangapur Falls
   βœ… Height: 50 m
   βœ… River: Godavari (Independent)

3. Someshwar Falls
   βœ… Height: 10 m
   βœ… River: Godavari (Independent)

πŸ“ Kerala

1. Athirappilly Waterfall
   βœ… Height: 25 m
   βœ… River: Chalakuddy (Tributary of Periyar)

2. Soochipara Falls
   βœ… Height: 200 m
   βœ… River: Chaliyar (Independent)

3. Meenvumty Falls
   βœ… Height: 300 m
   βœ… River: Kallar (Tributary of Neyyar)

πŸ“ Other States

1. Nohsngithiang Waterfall
   βœ… Height: 315 m
   βœ… River: Cherrapunji (Rain-fed), Meghalaya

2. Vantawng Falls
   βœ… Height: 229 m
   βœ… River: Lau (Tributary of Tlawng which joins Barak river), Mizoram

3. Kempty Falls
   βœ… Height: 40 m
   βœ… River: Yamuna, Uttarakhand

4. Dudhsagar Falls
   βœ… Height: 320 m
   βœ… River: Mandovi, Goa

5. Thalaiyar Falls (Rat Tail Falls)
   βœ… Height: 297 m
   βœ… River: Manjalar (Tributary of Vaigai)
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πŸ”† Kailash Mansarovar Yatra Resumption
πŸ“ Resumption of Yatra
β€’ Kailash Mansarovar Yatra resumes in 2025 after a four-year suspension due to Covid-19 and border tensions.
β€’ This signals improving India-China relations, especially after a disengagement pact in October 2024.

πŸ“ Geopolitical Context
β€’ The yatra was paused after the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, a pivotal moment in India-China relations.
β€’ Diplomatic engagements, such as meetings between Ajit Doval and Wang Yi, and Vikram Misri’s visit to Beijing in January 2025, paved the way for the resumption.

πŸ“ Religious and Cultural Significance
β€’ Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar are sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Tibetan Bon followers.
β€’ This yatra holds cultural and religious significance, also acting as a tool for Indian soft power.

πŸ“ Official Routes
β€’ Lipulekh Pass Route (Uttarakhand):
β–ͺ Altitude: 5,115 meters, 200 km trek.
β–ͺ Direct route, operational since 1981.
β€’ Nathu La Pass Route (Sikkim):
β–ͺ Altitude: 4,310 meters, 1,500 km long, 35–40 km trek.
β–ͺ Operational since 2015.

πŸ“ Other Route via Nepal
β€’ Informal route via Nepal exists, reopened in 2023.
β€’ High costs and visa issues limit its use.
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πŸ”†Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands

Click here

#mapping
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New length of coastlines
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OPERATION SINDOOR : INDIAN ARMED FORCES CARRIED OUT PRECISION STRIKE AT TERRORIST CAMPS
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πŸ”† Great Pacific Garbage Patch

πŸ“ Key Details:
βœ… Location:
β€’ Eastern Pacific Garbage Patch: Between Hawaii and California.
β€’ Western Pacific Garbage Patch: Lies east of Japan.

βœ… Size & Study:
β€’ Eastern Patch: Larger and more studied, covering 1.6 million kmΒ².
β€’ Western Patch: Smaller and more dispersed.
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πŸ”†Persian Gulf

βœ…The US President Donald Trump plans to officially rename the β€˜Persian Gulf’ as the β€˜Arabian Gulf’ during a visit to Saudi Arabia, aligning with the preferences of Arab Gulf nations.

πŸ“Geographical Features of the Persian Gulf

βœ…The Persian Gulf is a marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, located in Western Asia, and is a vital geopolitical chokepoint.
βœ…It is connected to the Arabian Sea via the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most strategic maritime passages for global oil shipment.
βœ…The coastline stretches ~5,117 km, with Iran having the longest stretch (~1,536 km).
βœ…It is bounded by:
πŸ”°North: Iran
πŸ”°Southwest: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE
πŸ”°Northwest: Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain

βœ…Important Islands: Qeshm Island (Iran) is the Largest island in the Persian Gulf, with an area of ~1,491 kmΒ²β€”about 2.5 times the size of Bahrain.
βœ…Bahrain: A sovereign archipelago state, comprising over 50 islands, and a significant US naval base location.

#gs2
#prelims
#mapping
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πŸ”† Indian Passes & Plateaus

πŸ“ Aghil Pass
βœ… Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
βœ… Significance: Important for military movement, part of the Karakoram Range.

πŸ“ Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel)
βœ… Location: Connects Banihal town (Doda District) and Qazigund (Anantnag, Kashmir Division)
βœ… Significance: Key highway pass on NH44 connecting Jammu and Kashmir.

πŸ“ Baralacha La
βœ… Location: Between Keylong (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh)
βœ… Significance: Located on the Leh-Manali highway, an important trade route.

πŸ“ Burzil Pass
βœ… Location: Connects Srinagar to Gilgit (now in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir)
βœ… Significance: Historically significant for trade.

πŸ“ Karakoram Pass
βœ… Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
βœ… Significance: An ancient trade route on the Silk Road.

πŸ“ Khardung La
βœ… Location: Between Leh and Siachen Glacier via Nubra Valley
βœ… Significance: One of the highest motorable roads in the world (5,359 m).

πŸ“ Umling La (Uming La)
βœ… Location: Ladakh
βœ… Significance: Highest motorable road in the world at 5,883 m.

πŸ“ Zoji La
βœ… Location: Between Srinagar and Leh
βœ… Significance: Important link between Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, often blocked by snow.

πŸ“ Chang La
βœ… Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Tibet (China)
βœ… Significance: One of the highest passes in the world.

πŸ“ Shinkun La
βœ… Location: Between Himachal Pradesh & Ladakh
βœ… Significance: India has started construction of Nimmu-Padum-Darcha (NPD) route for all-weather connectivity to Ladakh.

πŸ“ Balcha Dhura
βœ… Location: Connecting Uttarakhand with Tibet (China)
βœ… Significance: High-altitude pass in the Himalayas.

πŸ“ Mana Pass
βœ… Location: Between Uttarakhand and Tibet (China)
βœ… Significance: Highest motorable pass in Uttarakhand, connects to Tibet.
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πŸ”† Karakum Desert

πŸ“ Location & Geography
βœ… The Karakum Desert covers much of Turkmenistan.

πŸ“ Key Features
βœ… Known for its shifting sand dunes and extreme climate.
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πŸ”† Kyzylkum Desert

πŸ“ Location & Geography
βœ… The Kyzylkum Desert spans across Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
βœ… Lies between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers.

πŸ“ Natural Resources
βœ… Contains large deposits of natural gas.
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2025/07/10 23:39:08
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