UPPCS 2025 GS1

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🔆 Melting Himalayan Glaciers: Cascading Effects on India’s Water Resources
(UPSC 2020, 2013)

✅ Accelerated glacial melt, driven by climate change, threatens India’s water security
✅ Himalayan glaciers feed Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus – vital for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water
✅ Initial melt may cause flooding (e.g., Uttarakhand 2013)
✅ Long-term effects: reduced river flows during dry seasons

✅ May trigger:
• Water shortages
• Crop failures
• Interstate water conflicts
• Decline in groundwater recharge, esp. in Indo-Gangetic Plain
• Disrupted monsoons → strain on water systems

🔁 Urgent need for:
➡️ Sustainable adaptation strategies
➡️ Efficient water management practices

#geography
#mains

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🔆Cook Islands
📍Political Status:
✅A self-governing nation in free association with New Zealand. It was formerly a dependent New Zealand colony from 1901 to 1965.
✅Citizens of the Cook Islands are also citizens of New Zealand.
✅Administrative Centre: Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga.
✅Geography: Situated in Polynesia, Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean.
Located northeast of New Zealand, between American Samoa and French Polynesia.
✅It comprises 15 islands, formed by volcanic activity, with a total land area of approximately 236.7 sq km.

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🔆 Distribution of Mineral Oil & Its Global Implications
(UPSC Mains GS1 – 2015 Topic Revisited)

📍 Uneven Global Distribution
✅ Major reserves in Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran), North America (USA, Canada), Russia, Venezuela
✅ Significant offshore deposits in Arctic, North Sea, and West Africa

📍 Geopolitical Tensions
✅ Oil-rich nations wield strategic influence
✅ Oil-importing nations face energy security risks

📍 Economic Impact
✅ Drives industrialization and trade
✅ Prone to market volatility due to demand-supply mismatch

📍 Environmental Costs
✅ Extraction leads to pollution, habitat destruction, climate change
✅ Combustion worsens global warming

📍 Energy Transition & Future Outlook
✅ Renewables rising, but oil remains indispensable
✅ Emphasizes need for sustainable management & equitable resource policies

#GS1 #EnergySecurity

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🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures

📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)

✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)

✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)

✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)

✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)

✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)

✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)

✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)

✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)

✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)

✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)

✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
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