Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CSP-2025-WR-NameList-Engl-110625.pdf
2 MB
Name Wise 2025 Pre
🔆 Constitutional Provisions on Separation of Powers
📍 Key Provisions Ensuring Balance Among Organs
✅ Article 50: Directs the State to separate judiciary from the executive, especially in lower courts.
✅ Part V & Part VI: Clearly define roles of Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary at Union and State levels.
✅ Articles 121 & 211: Prohibit Parliament/State Legislatures from discussing conduct of Supreme Court or High Court judges in their official duties.
✅ Articles 122 & 212: Prevent judiciary from questioning legislative procedures—upholding legislative privilege.
📍 Structural Safeguards
✅ Office of Profit: Limits legislators from holding executive posts, though exceptions exist in India’s parliamentary system.
✅ 91st Amendment: Caps the Council of Ministers to 15% of legislature strength, minimizing executive-legislature fusion.
✅ Article 98: Empowers Parliament to manage its own secretariat and staffing, separate from executive control.
✅ Article 146: Grants CJI control over Supreme Court staff appointments, unless Parliament legislates otherwise.
📍 Conclusion
✅ These provisions help maintain institutional independence, promote checks and balances, and prevent concentration of power, even in a parliamentary democracy like India.
#GS2
📍 Key Provisions Ensuring Balance Among Organs
✅ Article 50: Directs the State to separate judiciary from the executive, especially in lower courts.
✅ Part V & Part VI: Clearly define roles of Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary at Union and State levels.
✅ Articles 121 & 211: Prohibit Parliament/State Legislatures from discussing conduct of Supreme Court or High Court judges in their official duties.
✅ Articles 122 & 212: Prevent judiciary from questioning legislative procedures—upholding legislative privilege.
📍 Structural Safeguards
✅ Office of Profit: Limits legislators from holding executive posts, though exceptions exist in India’s parliamentary system.
✅ 91st Amendment: Caps the Council of Ministers to 15% of legislature strength, minimizing executive-legislature fusion.
✅ Article 98: Empowers Parliament to manage its own secretariat and staffing, separate from executive control.
✅ Article 146: Grants CJI control over Supreme Court staff appointments, unless Parliament legislates otherwise.
📍 Conclusion
✅ These provisions help maintain institutional independence, promote checks and balances, and prevent concentration of power, even in a parliamentary democracy like India.
#GS2
🔆 Significance and Applications of the Discovery
📍 1. Cellular Development
✅ miRNAs are key for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells.
✅ Crucial for tissue and organ formation during embryonic development.
📍 2. Immune System Regulation
✅ Controls both innate and adaptive immune responses.
✅ Helps regulate immune-related proteins production.
📍 3. Cancer and Oncogenesis
✅ Abnormal miRNA activity linked to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
✅ Involved in mutations causing:
• Congenital hearing loss
• Skeletal deformities
• Eye-related genetic diseases
📍 4. Diagnostics and Therapeutics
✅ miRNAs serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and other diseases.
✅ Potential targets for drug development and personalized medicine.
#science_and_technology
📍 1. Cellular Development
✅ miRNAs are key for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells.
✅ Crucial for tissue and organ formation during embryonic development.
📍 2. Immune System Regulation
✅ Controls both innate and adaptive immune responses.
✅ Helps regulate immune-related proteins production.
📍 3. Cancer and Oncogenesis
✅ Abnormal miRNA activity linked to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
✅ Involved in mutations causing:
• Congenital hearing loss
• Skeletal deformities
• Eye-related genetic diseases
📍 4. Diagnostics and Therapeutics
✅ miRNAs serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and other diseases.
✅ Potential targets for drug development and personalized medicine.
#science_and_technology