#Natural_Rubber
Commercial Plantation Crop, Rubber is made from the latex of a tree called Hevea Brasiliensis
It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
Temperature: Above 25°C with moist and humid climate.
Rainfall: More than 200 cm.
Soil Type: Rich well drained alluvial soil.
Major Producers Globally: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China and India.
Major Consumers: China, India, USA, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.
#Indian_Scenario
The British established the first rubber plantation in India in 1902 on the banks of the river Periyar in Kerala.
India is currently the sixth largest producer of NR in the world with one of the highest productivity (694,000 tonnes in 2017-18).
Top Rubber Producing States: Kerala > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka.
Natural rubber is a native of warm humid Amazon forests and is not naturally suited for the colder conditions in the Northeast which is one of the largest producers of rubber in India.
Due to this, the growth of young rubber plants remains suspended during the winter months. This leads to progressive drying of the soil.
There are no plant species in India that can breed with natural rubber
The Department of Commerce brought out the National Rubber Policy in March 2019.
100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in plantations of rubber, coffee, tea, cardamom, palm oil tree and olive oil tree
#GM_Rubber_Plant
GM Rubber is the second genetically modified crop to start field trial in India after Bt. Cotton.
It is developed at the Kerala-based Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII).
It will resist reduced moisture or drought, low and high temperatures as well as high light intensity.
The new crop is expected to cut short the maturity period of rubber, indicating chances for early yielding as well.
World’s first genetically modified (GM) rubber plant was planted on the outskirts of Guwahati, Assam.
#Rubber_Board
It is headquartered at Kottayam, Kerala, under the administration of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
The Board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in the country by assisting and encouraging research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber.
Rubber Research Institute is under the Rubber Board.
#Pre_Revision
Commercial Plantation Crop, Rubber is made from the latex of a tree called Hevea Brasiliensis
It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
Temperature: Above 25°C with moist and humid climate.
Rainfall: More than 200 cm.
Soil Type: Rich well drained alluvial soil.
Major Producers Globally: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China and India.
Major Consumers: China, India, USA, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.
#Indian_Scenario
The British established the first rubber plantation in India in 1902 on the banks of the river Periyar in Kerala.
India is currently the sixth largest producer of NR in the world with one of the highest productivity (694,000 tonnes in 2017-18).
Top Rubber Producing States: Kerala > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka.
Natural rubber is a native of warm humid Amazon forests and is not naturally suited for the colder conditions in the Northeast which is one of the largest producers of rubber in India.
Due to this, the growth of young rubber plants remains suspended during the winter months. This leads to progressive drying of the soil.
There are no plant species in India that can breed with natural rubber
The Department of Commerce brought out the National Rubber Policy in March 2019.
100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in plantations of rubber, coffee, tea, cardamom, palm oil tree and olive oil tree
#GM_Rubber_Plant
GM Rubber is the second genetically modified crop to start field trial in India after Bt. Cotton.
It is developed at the Kerala-based Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII).
It will resist reduced moisture or drought, low and high temperatures as well as high light intensity.
The new crop is expected to cut short the maturity period of rubber, indicating chances for early yielding as well.
World’s first genetically modified (GM) rubber plant was planted on the outskirts of Guwahati, Assam.
#Rubber_Board
It is headquartered at Kottayam, Kerala, under the administration of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
The Board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in the country by assisting and encouraging research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber.
Rubber Research Institute is under the Rubber Board.
#Pre_Revision
#Tax_Inspectors_Without_Borders (TIWB) programme
TIWB is a capacity-building programme.
It is a joint OECD/UNDP initiative launched in July 2015 to strengthen developing countries' auditing capacity and multinationals' compliance worldwide.
It deploys qualified experts in developing countries across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean to help build tax capacity in the areas of audit, criminal tax investigations and the effective use of automatically exchanged information.
TIWB assistance has led to increased domestic resource mobilisation in some of the least developed countries in the world.
#BEPS
Base erosion and profit shifting refers to the phenomenon where companies shift their profits to other tax jurisdictions, which usually have lower rates, thereby eroding the tax base
The BEPS Action Plan adopted by the OECD and G20 countries in 2013
#Organisation_for_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development
The OECD is an intergovernmental economic organisation, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
Founded: 1961.
Headquarters: Paris, France.
Total Members: 36.
India is not a member, but a key economic partner.
Reports and Indices by OECD
•Government at a Glance 2017 report.
•International Migration Outlook.
•OECD Better Life Index
#Variants_of_Concern – Country of Origin
Alpha(B.1.1.7) – United Kingdom
Beta (B.1.351) – South Africa
Gamma – Brazil
Epsilon(B.1.427) --US
Delta – India—————-A sublineage of the B.1.617 family is B.1.617.1 that was identified in India and now bears the popular label 'Kappa.'
#Variant_of_concern
It is one for which there is evidence of:
An increase in transmissibility.
More severe diseases that require hospitalisation or death.
A significant reduction in neutralisation by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination.
Reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, or diagnostic detection failures.
#Pre_Revision
TIWB is a capacity-building programme.
It is a joint OECD/UNDP initiative launched in July 2015 to strengthen developing countries' auditing capacity and multinationals' compliance worldwide.
It deploys qualified experts in developing countries across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean to help build tax capacity in the areas of audit, criminal tax investigations and the effective use of automatically exchanged information.
TIWB assistance has led to increased domestic resource mobilisation in some of the least developed countries in the world.
#BEPS
Base erosion and profit shifting refers to the phenomenon where companies shift their profits to other tax jurisdictions, which usually have lower rates, thereby eroding the tax base
The BEPS Action Plan adopted by the OECD and G20 countries in 2013
#Organisation_for_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development
The OECD is an intergovernmental economic organisation, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
Founded: 1961.
Headquarters: Paris, France.
Total Members: 36.
India is not a member, but a key economic partner.
Reports and Indices by OECD
•Government at a Glance 2017 report.
•International Migration Outlook.
•OECD Better Life Index
#Variants_of_Concern – Country of Origin
Alpha(B.1.1.7) – United Kingdom
Beta (B.1.351) – South Africa
Gamma – Brazil
Epsilon(B.1.427) --US
Delta – India—————-A sublineage of the B.1.617 family is B.1.617.1 that was identified in India and now bears the popular label 'Kappa.'
#Variant_of_concern
It is one for which there is evidence of:
An increase in transmissibility.
More severe diseases that require hospitalisation or death.
A significant reduction in neutralisation by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination.
Reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, or diagnostic detection failures.
#Pre_Revision
#Antarctic_treaty (60th anniversary)
The Antarctic treaty remains the only example of a single treaty that governs a whole continent.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed between 12 countries in Washington on 1st December 1959 .
The twelve original signatories are Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the UK and the US.
Currently it has 54 parties. India became a member of this treaty in 1983.
The Treaty makes the the Antarctic Continent a demilitarized zone to be preserved for scientific research only.
Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude.
Head Quarters: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
International Agreements of the Antarctic Treaty System
The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals.
The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
India’s programmes in Antarctica
#Indian_Antarctic_Programme
The Indian Antarctic Programme is a scientific research and exploration program under the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCPOR) that started in 1981 when the first Indian expedition to Antarctica was made.
#Dakshin_Gangotri: Dakshin Gangotri was the first Indian scientific research base station established in Antarctica, as a part of the Indian Antarctic Program. However, now it has weakened and become just a supply base.
#Maitri: Maitri is India’s second permanent research station in Antarctica. It was built and finished in 1989 and is situated on the rocky mountainous region called Schirmacher Oasis.
#Bharti: Bharti, India’s latest research station operation since 2012. It has been constructed to help researchers work in safety despite the harsh weather and it is India’s first committed research facility and is located about 3000 km east of Maitri.
#Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines
It is an island country in the Caribbean.
It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
#Suez_Canal
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway running north to south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, to connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
The canal separates the African continent from Asia.
It provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans.Carrying over 12% of world trade by volume.
#Pre_Revision
The Antarctic treaty remains the only example of a single treaty that governs a whole continent.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed between 12 countries in Washington on 1st December 1959 .
The twelve original signatories are Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the UK and the US.
Currently it has 54 parties. India became a member of this treaty in 1983.
The Treaty makes the the Antarctic Continent a demilitarized zone to be preserved for scientific research only.
Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude.
Head Quarters: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
International Agreements of the Antarctic Treaty System
The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals.
The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
India’s programmes in Antarctica
#Indian_Antarctic_Programme
The Indian Antarctic Programme is a scientific research and exploration program under the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCPOR) that started in 1981 when the first Indian expedition to Antarctica was made.
#Dakshin_Gangotri: Dakshin Gangotri was the first Indian scientific research base station established in Antarctica, as a part of the Indian Antarctic Program. However, now it has weakened and become just a supply base.
#Maitri: Maitri is India’s second permanent research station in Antarctica. It was built and finished in 1989 and is situated on the rocky mountainous region called Schirmacher Oasis.
#Bharti: Bharti, India’s latest research station operation since 2012. It has been constructed to help researchers work in safety despite the harsh weather and it is India’s first committed research facility and is located about 3000 km east of Maitri.
#Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines
It is an island country in the Caribbean.
It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
#Suez_Canal
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway running north to south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, to connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
The canal separates the African continent from Asia.
It provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans.Carrying over 12% of world trade by volume.
#Pre_Revision
#Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)
It is a device which uses electromagnetic waves in the microwaves region to detect location (range & direction), altitude, intensity and movement of moving and non-moving objects.
#Doppler_effect
When the source and the signal are in relative motion to each other there is a change in the frequency observed by the observer. If they are moving closer frequency increases and vice versa
#Doppler_Weather_Radar
Based on Doppler principle the radar is designed to improve precision in long-range weather forecasting and surveillance using a parabolic dish antenna and a foam sandwich spherical radome.
DWR has the equipment to measure rainfall intensity, wind shear and velocity and locate a storm centre and the direction of a tornado or gust front.
Doppler radar can be divided into several different categories according to the wavelength which are L,S,C,X,K.
#X-band radar is used to detect thunderstorms and lightning.They operate on a wavelength of 2.5-4 cm and a frequency of 8-12 GHz. Because of the smaller wavelength, the X band radar is more sensitive and can detect smaller particles
#C-band radars is best used for short range weather observation and guides at the time of cyclone tracking.
#S band radars are useful for near and far range weather observation.
#Agristack
The project will collect granular data to provide growers with a range of customized services. Like, what to plant, where to sell, market information on price movements, and linkages to formal credit arrangements.
Each farmer will be provided a unique farmer’s ID, which will be linked to her Aadhaar number.
It will contain details related to land ownership, the crops she grows, soil health and the benefits available under government schemes such as direct cash transfers, crop insurance and subsidized credit
#African_Swine_Fever
It is a highly contagious and fatal animal disease that infects domestic and wild pigs.
It is a severe ‘viral disease’ of pigs that can spread very rapidly in pig herds.
The virus is then easily spread between pigs by,
Direct contact with an infected animal,
From its body fluids (nasal, oral, feces, blood) or
Indirectly from contact with contaminated objects.
Some species of ‘ticks’ (vector) can transmit the virus.
Blood sucking flies or insects may possibly spread the virus between pigs.
It is not a threat to human beings since it only spreads from animals to other animals.
It has no cure, no approved vaccine, the only way to stop it spreading is by culling the animals.
#Pre_Revision
It is a device which uses electromagnetic waves in the microwaves region to detect location (range & direction), altitude, intensity and movement of moving and non-moving objects.
#Doppler_effect
When the source and the signal are in relative motion to each other there is a change in the frequency observed by the observer. If they are moving closer frequency increases and vice versa
#Doppler_Weather_Radar
Based on Doppler principle the radar is designed to improve precision in long-range weather forecasting and surveillance using a parabolic dish antenna and a foam sandwich spherical radome.
DWR has the equipment to measure rainfall intensity, wind shear and velocity and locate a storm centre and the direction of a tornado or gust front.
Doppler radar can be divided into several different categories according to the wavelength which are L,S,C,X,K.
#X-band radar is used to detect thunderstorms and lightning.They operate on a wavelength of 2.5-4 cm and a frequency of 8-12 GHz. Because of the smaller wavelength, the X band radar is more sensitive and can detect smaller particles
#C-band radars is best used for short range weather observation and guides at the time of cyclone tracking.
#S band radars are useful for near and far range weather observation.
#Agristack
The project will collect granular data to provide growers with a range of customized services. Like, what to plant, where to sell, market information on price movements, and linkages to formal credit arrangements.
Each farmer will be provided a unique farmer’s ID, which will be linked to her Aadhaar number.
It will contain details related to land ownership, the crops she grows, soil health and the benefits available under government schemes such as direct cash transfers, crop insurance and subsidized credit
#African_Swine_Fever
It is a highly contagious and fatal animal disease that infects domestic and wild pigs.
It is a severe ‘viral disease’ of pigs that can spread very rapidly in pig herds.
The virus is then easily spread between pigs by,
Direct contact with an infected animal,
From its body fluids (nasal, oral, feces, blood) or
Indirectly from contact with contaminated objects.
Some species of ‘ticks’ (vector) can transmit the virus.
Blood sucking flies or insects may possibly spread the virus between pigs.
It is not a threat to human beings since it only spreads from animals to other animals.
It has no cure, no approved vaccine, the only way to stop it spreading is by culling the animals.
#Pre_Revision
#Peter_Pan_Syndrome
It is a psychological condition that is used to describe an adult who is socially immature.
People who develop behaviours of living life carefree, finding responsibilities challenging in adulthood, and basically never growing up suffer from PPS.
The term was coined by psychologist Dan Kiley to explain the behaviour of such men who ‘refuse to grow’ and behave their age in 1983.
Dan Kiley got the idea of PPS after noticing Peter Pan, a fictional character created by Scottish novelist James Matthew Barrie.
The WHO (World Health Organization) does not recognise Peter Pan Syndrome as a health disorder, many experts believe it is a mental health condition that can affect one’s quality of life.
#Wendy_Syndrome
The Psychologist who defined PPS also used the term Wendy Syndrome (WS) to describe women who act like mothers with their partners or people close to them.
People suffering from WS are often seen making decisions, tidying up messes, and offering one-sided emotional support.
#Indian_Initiatives related to mental healthcare
The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 decriminalizes suicide, assuring adequate medical relief to those attempting it.
The National Mental Health Programme and Health and Wellness Centres under the Ayushman Bharat Program are efforts to provide quality care at the primary health care level.
National Mental Health Policy of India 2014
#KIRAN: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a 24/7 toll-free helpline to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.
#Manodarpan_Initiative: It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of Covid-19
#Pre_Revision
It is a psychological condition that is used to describe an adult who is socially immature.
People who develop behaviours of living life carefree, finding responsibilities challenging in adulthood, and basically never growing up suffer from PPS.
The term was coined by psychologist Dan Kiley to explain the behaviour of such men who ‘refuse to grow’ and behave their age in 1983.
Dan Kiley got the idea of PPS after noticing Peter Pan, a fictional character created by Scottish novelist James Matthew Barrie.
The WHO (World Health Organization) does not recognise Peter Pan Syndrome as a health disorder, many experts believe it is a mental health condition that can affect one’s quality of life.
#Wendy_Syndrome
The Psychologist who defined PPS also used the term Wendy Syndrome (WS) to describe women who act like mothers with their partners or people close to them.
People suffering from WS are often seen making decisions, tidying up messes, and offering one-sided emotional support.
#Indian_Initiatives related to mental healthcare
The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 decriminalizes suicide, assuring adequate medical relief to those attempting it.
The National Mental Health Programme and Health and Wellness Centres under the Ayushman Bharat Program are efforts to provide quality care at the primary health care level.
National Mental Health Policy of India 2014
#KIRAN: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a 24/7 toll-free helpline to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.
#Manodarpan_Initiative: It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of Covid-19
#Pre_Revision
#Maritime_State_Development_Council (MSDC)
It is an apex advisory body for the development of the Maritime sector and aims to ensure integrated development of Major and non-Major Ports.
The MSDC was constituted in May 1997 to assess in consultation with State Governments, the future development of existing and new Minor Ports by the respective Maritime States either directly or through captive users and private participation.
It works under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways.
As per mandate of the Instruction of Maritime State Development council under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, the Council would meet at least once in six months.
#Maritime_Sector
India has 12 major ports.
There are a total of 200 Major and Non-Major ports in India:
Maharashtra: 53
Gujarat: 40
Tamil Nadu: 15
Karnataka: 10
others: 82
The Government of India has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 100 Percent under the automatic route for Port and Harbor Construction.
Oldest Port in India:Lothal
World’s largest ship’s graveyard:
Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard (Gujarat)
Asia’s First Special Economic Zone (SEZ):Set up in Kandla, Gujarat in 1965
Deepest Port in India:Gangavaram Port
Largest Natural Port in India:
Mumbai
Largest Artificial Port in India: Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) or Nhava Sheva
India has enacted Recycling of Ships Act, 2019 and agreed to the #Hong_Kong_International_Convention.
As per the Ministry of Shipping, 95 percent of India’s trading by Volume and 70 percent by Value is done through Marine Transport.
#Sagarmala
Sagarmala aims are port-led industrialization, development of world-class logistics institutions, and coastal community development.
The #National_Shipping_Board (NSB) is the highest advisory body on matters related to Indian shipping including the development there of and on such other matters arising out of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
#Major_Port_Authority_Bill_ 2020
Replace a port law of 1963
Now ‘major ports’ will get to determine the tariffs for various port-related services as well as the terms for private developers who team up with them.
Every port will now be governed by a Port Authority which will have powers to fix reference tariffs for various port services.
The Bill also proposes the creation of an adjudicatory board at the apex level for review of port authority’s decisions. It will have the mandate to resolve the disputes between port authorities and the PPP operators
#Landlord_model
In the landlord port model, the publicly governed port authority acts as a regulatory body and as landlord while private companies carry out port operations—mainly cargo-handling activities.
Here, the port authority maintains ownership of the port while the infrastructure is leased to private firms that provide and maintain their own superstructure and install own equipment to handle cargo.
In return, the landlord port gets a share of the revenue from the private entity.
The role of the landlord port authority would be to carry out all public sector services and operations such as the award of bids for cargo terminals and dredging.
#Pre_Revision
It is an apex advisory body for the development of the Maritime sector and aims to ensure integrated development of Major and non-Major Ports.
The MSDC was constituted in May 1997 to assess in consultation with State Governments, the future development of existing and new Minor Ports by the respective Maritime States either directly or through captive users and private participation.
It works under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways.
As per mandate of the Instruction of Maritime State Development council under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, the Council would meet at least once in six months.
#Maritime_Sector
India has 12 major ports.
There are a total of 200 Major and Non-Major ports in India:
Maharashtra: 53
Gujarat: 40
Tamil Nadu: 15
Karnataka: 10
others: 82
The Government of India has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 100 Percent under the automatic route for Port and Harbor Construction.
Oldest Port in India:Lothal
World’s largest ship’s graveyard:
Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard (Gujarat)
Asia’s First Special Economic Zone (SEZ):Set up in Kandla, Gujarat in 1965
Deepest Port in India:Gangavaram Port
Largest Natural Port in India:
Mumbai
Largest Artificial Port in India: Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) or Nhava Sheva
India has enacted Recycling of Ships Act, 2019 and agreed to the #Hong_Kong_International_Convention.
As per the Ministry of Shipping, 95 percent of India’s trading by Volume and 70 percent by Value is done through Marine Transport.
#Sagarmala
Sagarmala aims are port-led industrialization, development of world-class logistics institutions, and coastal community development.
The #National_Shipping_Board (NSB) is the highest advisory body on matters related to Indian shipping including the development there of and on such other matters arising out of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
#Major_Port_Authority_Bill_ 2020
Replace a port law of 1963
Now ‘major ports’ will get to determine the tariffs for various port-related services as well as the terms for private developers who team up with them.
Every port will now be governed by a Port Authority which will have powers to fix reference tariffs for various port services.
The Bill also proposes the creation of an adjudicatory board at the apex level for review of port authority’s decisions. It will have the mandate to resolve the disputes between port authorities and the PPP operators
#Landlord_model
In the landlord port model, the publicly governed port authority acts as a regulatory body and as landlord while private companies carry out port operations—mainly cargo-handling activities.
Here, the port authority maintains ownership of the port while the infrastructure is leased to private firms that provide and maintain their own superstructure and install own equipment to handle cargo.
In return, the landlord port gets a share of the revenue from the private entity.
The role of the landlord port authority would be to carry out all public sector services and operations such as the award of bids for cargo terminals and dredging.
#Pre_Revision
#Project_Sea_bird
It is the largest naval infrastructure project for India in Karwar, Karnataka.
It involves creation of a naval base at Karwar on the west coast of India.
Upon completion, the program will provide Indian Navy with its largest naval base on the west coast and also the largest naval base east of the Suez Canal.
#NEER_REER
Nominal Effective Exchange Rate is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates of the home currency in terms of foreign currencies. It is the exchange rate of one currency against a basket of currencies, weighted according to trade with each country (not adjusted for inflation).
Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is the weighted average of nominal exchange rates, adjusted for inflation.
REER is calculated on the basis of NEER.
REER captures inflation differentials between India and its major trading partners and reflects the degree of external competitiveness of Indian products. It captures movements in cross-currency exchange rates
#Bengal_or_Common_Indian_Monitor_Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)
It is a large lizard that is mainly terrestrial.
The monitors are carnivorous and non-poisonous.
Protected under Schedule I of WPA, 1972.
Still they are regularly killed for its meat, blood and oil.
IUCN- ‘Least Concern’
Its population is dwindling due to rampant poaching.
It plays an important role in maintaining the balance and health of the forest ecosystem, for which its survival is important.
#Class_Action_Suits
It derives from representative litigation, to ensure justice to the ordinary individual against a powerful adversary.
The Class Action Suits were formally incorporated into law in the United States in 1938 under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In India, the legal provisions for filing class action suits are under four laws:
Civil Procedure Code (It does not cover criminal proceeding)
Companies Act
Competition Act
Consumer Protection Act
#Pre_Revision
It is the largest naval infrastructure project for India in Karwar, Karnataka.
It involves creation of a naval base at Karwar on the west coast of India.
Upon completion, the program will provide Indian Navy with its largest naval base on the west coast and also the largest naval base east of the Suez Canal.
#NEER_REER
Nominal Effective Exchange Rate is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates of the home currency in terms of foreign currencies. It is the exchange rate of one currency against a basket of currencies, weighted according to trade with each country (not adjusted for inflation).
Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is the weighted average of nominal exchange rates, adjusted for inflation.
REER is calculated on the basis of NEER.
REER captures inflation differentials between India and its major trading partners and reflects the degree of external competitiveness of Indian products. It captures movements in cross-currency exchange rates
#Bengal_or_Common_Indian_Monitor_Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)
It is a large lizard that is mainly terrestrial.
The monitors are carnivorous and non-poisonous.
Protected under Schedule I of WPA, 1972.
Still they are regularly killed for its meat, blood and oil.
IUCN- ‘Least Concern’
Its population is dwindling due to rampant poaching.
It plays an important role in maintaining the balance and health of the forest ecosystem, for which its survival is important.
#Class_Action_Suits
It derives from representative litigation, to ensure justice to the ordinary individual against a powerful adversary.
The Class Action Suits were formally incorporated into law in the United States in 1938 under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In India, the legal provisions for filing class action suits are under four laws:
Civil Procedure Code (It does not cover criminal proceeding)
Companies Act
Competition Act
Consumer Protection Act
#Pre_Revision
#Renewable_Power_Generation_Costs_2020_report
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) released
The year 2020 (with 261 GW installed) was a record year for renewables deployment despite the Covid-19- pandemic. The addition was almost 50% higher than that made in 2019 and represented 82% of the global new power capacity.
Reducing Cost of Renewables: In about 10 years (2010-2020), the cost of power produced from commercial solar PVs fell by 85%, concentrating solar power (CSP) 68%, onshore wind 68% and offshore wind 48%.
Between 2000 and 2020, renewables capacity grew more than three times
#IRENA
It is an intergovernmental organisation mandated to facilitate cooperation, advance knowledge, and promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy.
It is the first international organisation to focus exclusively on renewable energy, addressing needs in both industrialized and developing countries.
It was founded in 2009 & its statute entered into force on 8 July 2010 and is headquartered in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi.
Currently it has 164 members, India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
IRENA is an official United Nations observer.
#Fugitive_Economic_Offenders_Act_2018
FEO-A person against whom an arrest warrant has been issued for committing an offence listed in the Act and the value of the offence is at least Rs. 100 crore.
Some of the offences listed in the act are:
Counterfeiting government stamps or currency.
Cheque dishonour.
Money laundering.
After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender.
It may confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.
Upon confiscation, all rights and titles of the property will vest in the central government, free from encumbrances (such as any charges on the property).
The central government may appoint an administrator to manage and dispose of these properties.
Bar on Filing or Defending Civil Claims
The Act allows any civil court or tribunal to prohibit a declared fugitive economic offender(Or company/LLPs) from filing or defending any civil claim.
The authorities may provisionally attach properties of an accused, while the application is pending before the Special Court
The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.
These powers will be similar to those of a civil court
#Enforcement_Directorate
It is a Multi Disciplinary Organization mandated with the task of enforcing the provisions of two special fiscal laws – Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
The origin of this Directorate goes back to 1st May, 1956, when an ‘Enforcement Unit’ was formed, in Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (FERA ’47).
In the year 1957, this Unit was renamed as ‘Enforcement Directorate’.
#FEMA, a Civil Law having quasi judicial powers, for investigating suspected contraventions of the Exchange Control Laws and Regulations with the powers to impose penalties on those adjudged guilty.
#PMLA, a Criminal Law, whereby the Officers are empowered to conduct enquiries to locate, provisionally attach/confiscate assets derived from acts of Schedules Offences besides arresting and prosecuting the Money Launderers.
Other function:
Sponsor cases of preventive detention under Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974(COFEPOSA) in regard to contraventions of FEMA.
#Pre_Revision
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) released
The year 2020 (with 261 GW installed) was a record year for renewables deployment despite the Covid-19- pandemic. The addition was almost 50% higher than that made in 2019 and represented 82% of the global new power capacity.
Reducing Cost of Renewables: In about 10 years (2010-2020), the cost of power produced from commercial solar PVs fell by 85%, concentrating solar power (CSP) 68%, onshore wind 68% and offshore wind 48%.
Between 2000 and 2020, renewables capacity grew more than three times
#IRENA
It is an intergovernmental organisation mandated to facilitate cooperation, advance knowledge, and promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy.
It is the first international organisation to focus exclusively on renewable energy, addressing needs in both industrialized and developing countries.
It was founded in 2009 & its statute entered into force on 8 July 2010 and is headquartered in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi.
Currently it has 164 members, India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
IRENA is an official United Nations observer.
#Fugitive_Economic_Offenders_Act_2018
FEO-A person against whom an arrest warrant has been issued for committing an offence listed in the Act and the value of the offence is at least Rs. 100 crore.
Some of the offences listed in the act are:
Counterfeiting government stamps or currency.
Cheque dishonour.
Money laundering.
After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender.
It may confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.
Upon confiscation, all rights and titles of the property will vest in the central government, free from encumbrances (such as any charges on the property).
The central government may appoint an administrator to manage and dispose of these properties.
Bar on Filing or Defending Civil Claims
The Act allows any civil court or tribunal to prohibit a declared fugitive economic offender(Or company/LLPs) from filing or defending any civil claim.
The authorities may provisionally attach properties of an accused, while the application is pending before the Special Court
The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.
These powers will be similar to those of a civil court
#Enforcement_Directorate
It is a Multi Disciplinary Organization mandated with the task of enforcing the provisions of two special fiscal laws – Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
The origin of this Directorate goes back to 1st May, 1956, when an ‘Enforcement Unit’ was formed, in Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (FERA ’47).
In the year 1957, this Unit was renamed as ‘Enforcement Directorate’.
#FEMA, a Civil Law having quasi judicial powers, for investigating suspected contraventions of the Exchange Control Laws and Regulations with the powers to impose penalties on those adjudged guilty.
#PMLA, a Criminal Law, whereby the Officers are empowered to conduct enquiries to locate, provisionally attach/confiscate assets derived from acts of Schedules Offences besides arresting and prosecuting the Money Launderers.
Other function:
Sponsor cases of preventive detention under Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974(COFEPOSA) in regard to contraventions of FEMA.
#Pre_Revision
#The_Urban_Learning_Internship_Program (TULIP) platform
TULIP is a platform to connect graduates to Urban Local Bodies and Smart Cities to co-create new solutions for our cities
The TULIP program is being implemented through a partnership between Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and AICTE.
The internship opportunities will be provided for ‘Smart City’ projects which range from positions in urban planning, water supply, waste management, slum improvement and digital governance among others.
Applicants must be Indian citizens who have completed their final year of college within the last 18 months and have a degree of B. Tech, B planning, B. Arch, BA, BSc, BCom, LLB.
Internship durations can range from eight weeks to one year.
The TULIP’s launch is also an important stepping stone for fulfillment of MHRD and AICTE’s goal of 1 crore successful internships by the year 2025
#All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education (AICTE)
It was set up in November 1945 as a national-level apex advisory body.
Its purpose was to conduct a survey on the facilities available for technical education and to promote development in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.
According to the National Policy of Education (1986), AICTE is vested with:
Statutory authority for planning, formulation, and maintenance of norms & standards,
Quality assurance through accreditation,
Funding in priority areas, monitoring, and evaluation,
Maintaining parity of certification & awards,
The management of technical education in the country.
#Global_Peace_Index
released by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP), an international think tank.
India has been ranked 135th in the 2021
Iceland has topped the peace index. It was followed by New Zealand, Denmark, and Portugal.
Out of the 10 most peaceful countries in the world, 8 are from Europe.
Afghanistan is the least peaceful country in the world for the fourth consecutive year.
#IEP is an Australian(Sydney) based institute which releases the annual Global Terrorism Index (GTI)( ranked India as the seventh worst terrorism affected country )
#Swarnim_Vijay_Varsh being celebrated by the Armed Forces to commemorate the victory of 1971 war
#Azadi_Ka_Amrit_Mahotsav--to commemorate the 75th anniversary of India's Independence
#Vandana_Aggarwal_Committee
To examine global best practices in ship financing and leasing
#itat_e_dwar
It is an e-filing portal of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
#Strasbourg court--The European Court of Human Rights
#Pre_Revision
TULIP is a platform to connect graduates to Urban Local Bodies and Smart Cities to co-create new solutions for our cities
The TULIP program is being implemented through a partnership between Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and AICTE.
The internship opportunities will be provided for ‘Smart City’ projects which range from positions in urban planning, water supply, waste management, slum improvement and digital governance among others.
Applicants must be Indian citizens who have completed their final year of college within the last 18 months and have a degree of B. Tech, B planning, B. Arch, BA, BSc, BCom, LLB.
Internship durations can range from eight weeks to one year.
The TULIP’s launch is also an important stepping stone for fulfillment of MHRD and AICTE’s goal of 1 crore successful internships by the year 2025
#All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education (AICTE)
It was set up in November 1945 as a national-level apex advisory body.
Its purpose was to conduct a survey on the facilities available for technical education and to promote development in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.
According to the National Policy of Education (1986), AICTE is vested with:
Statutory authority for planning, formulation, and maintenance of norms & standards,
Quality assurance through accreditation,
Funding in priority areas, monitoring, and evaluation,
Maintaining parity of certification & awards,
The management of technical education in the country.
#Global_Peace_Index
released by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP), an international think tank.
India has been ranked 135th in the 2021
Iceland has topped the peace index. It was followed by New Zealand, Denmark, and Portugal.
Out of the 10 most peaceful countries in the world, 8 are from Europe.
Afghanistan is the least peaceful country in the world for the fourth consecutive year.
#IEP is an Australian(Sydney) based institute which releases the annual Global Terrorism Index (GTI)( ranked India as the seventh worst terrorism affected country )
#Swarnim_Vijay_Varsh being celebrated by the Armed Forces to commemorate the victory of 1971 war
#Azadi_Ka_Amrit_Mahotsav--to commemorate the 75th anniversary of India's Independence
#Vandana_Aggarwal_Committee
To examine global best practices in ship financing and leasing
#itat_e_dwar
It is an e-filing portal of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
#Strasbourg court--The European Court of Human Rights
#Pre_Revision
#Ambergris
Ambergris, French for grey amber, is generally referred to as whale vomit
or faeces
Has sweet smell
It is a solid waxy substance originating in the intestine of the sperm whale.
Ambergris is produced only by an estimated 1% of sperm whales.
It contains alkaloids, acids, and a specific compound called ambreine, which is similar to cholesterol.
It floats around the surface of the water body and at times settles on the coast.
It is referred as floating gold because 1 kg of ambergris is worth Rs 1 crore in the international market.
It is used in the perfume market, especially to create fragrances like musk.
Ancient Egyptians used it as incense. It is also believed to be used in some traditional medicines and as a spice.
#Sperm_Whale
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: schedule I
Sperm whale, (Physeter catodon), also called cachalot, the largest of the toothed whales, easily recognized by its enormous square head and narrow lower jaw.
The sperm whale is dark blue-gray or brownish, with white patches on the belly. It is thickset and has small paddle-like flippers and a series of rounded humps on its back.
They are found in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world.
#Yerrapalli_Formation
It is a Triassic rock formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in south-eastern India.
It preserves fossils of freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates as well as trace fossils of invertebrates.
Yerrapalli Formation includes fossils of extinct creatures such as ceratodontid lungfish, rhynchosaur and allokotosaurian.
Revise- #Bharitalasuchus_Tapani
Ambergris, French for grey amber, is generally referred to as whale vomit
or faeces
Has sweet smell
It is a solid waxy substance originating in the intestine of the sperm whale.
Ambergris is produced only by an estimated 1% of sperm whales.
It contains alkaloids, acids, and a specific compound called ambreine, which is similar to cholesterol.
It floats around the surface of the water body and at times settles on the coast.
It is referred as floating gold because 1 kg of ambergris is worth Rs 1 crore in the international market.
It is used in the perfume market, especially to create fragrances like musk.
Ancient Egyptians used it as incense. It is also believed to be used in some traditional medicines and as a spice.
#Sperm_Whale
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: schedule I
Sperm whale, (Physeter catodon), also called cachalot, the largest of the toothed whales, easily recognized by its enormous square head and narrow lower jaw.
The sperm whale is dark blue-gray or brownish, with white patches on the belly. It is thickset and has small paddle-like flippers and a series of rounded humps on its back.
They are found in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world.
#Yerrapalli_Formation
It is a Triassic rock formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in south-eastern India.
It preserves fossils of freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates as well as trace fossils of invertebrates.
Yerrapalli Formation includes fossils of extinct creatures such as ceratodontid lungfish, rhynchosaur and allokotosaurian.
Revise- #Bharitalasuchus_Tapani
#Sant_Kabir_Das
Kabirdas Jayanti is celebrated on the Jyeshtha Purnima tithi, as per the Hindu lunar calendar.
Panth of Kabir: It is a religious community that considers him as the founder and Kabir’s legacy is still going on through this sect.
His early life was in a Muslim family, but he was strongly influenced by his teacher, the Hindu bhakti leader Ramananda
Literature--Kabir Granthawali, Anurag Sagar, Bijak, and Sakhi Granth.
His verses are found in Guru Granth Sahib.
The major part of his work was collected by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev.
He was best known for his two-line couplets, known as 'Kabir Ke Dohe'.
Kabir's works were written in the Hindi language
#Guru_Arjan_Dev - Guru from 1581 to 1606
He compiled the Adi Granth, the scriptures of the Sikhs.
He completed construction of Sri Darbar Sahib also known as Golden Temple in Amritsar.
He founded the town of Tarn Taran Sahib near Goindwal Sahib.
He became the first great martyr in Sikh history when Emperor Jahangir ordered his execution. Thus, he was hailed as Shaheedan-de-Sartaj (The crown of martyrs).
#Homo_longi
Chinese researchers have unveiled an ancient skull that could belong to a completely new species of human.
The researchers have named the new species Homo longi and gave it the nickname “Dragon Man” for the Dragon River region of northeast China where the skull was found.
The skull was discovered in 1933 but only came to the attention recently after a labourer came across it at a construction site in China.
The discovery of Dragon Man has the potential to rewrite the history of Human Evolution.
It is said that Homo longi could replace Neanderthals as the closest relative to our own species, Homo sapiens.
The Dragon man is at least 140,000 years old but no older than 309,000 years.
It belonged to a mature male who had a huge brain, massive brow ridges, deep set eyes and a bulbous
#Homo_luzonensis
Homo luzonensis is classified as a separate species on the basis of 13 bones and teeth from two adults and one child found in a cave on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
Unlike Homo sapiens, whose premolar teeth generally have a single root, Homo luzonensis' premolars had two or three roots, similar to more primitive species such as Homo erectus, which lived in Africa and Asia between about 1.89 million and 143,000 years ago.
The Homo luzonensis were around 3-4ft tall and lived on the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.
It is not a direct ancestor of modern day humans, but rather a distant ancient relative.
#Pre_Revision
Kabirdas Jayanti is celebrated on the Jyeshtha Purnima tithi, as per the Hindu lunar calendar.
Panth of Kabir: It is a religious community that considers him as the founder and Kabir’s legacy is still going on through this sect.
His early life was in a Muslim family, but he was strongly influenced by his teacher, the Hindu bhakti leader Ramananda
Literature--Kabir Granthawali, Anurag Sagar, Bijak, and Sakhi Granth.
His verses are found in Guru Granth Sahib.
The major part of his work was collected by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev.
He was best known for his two-line couplets, known as 'Kabir Ke Dohe'.
Kabir's works were written in the Hindi language
#Guru_Arjan_Dev - Guru from 1581 to 1606
He compiled the Adi Granth, the scriptures of the Sikhs.
He completed construction of Sri Darbar Sahib also known as Golden Temple in Amritsar.
He founded the town of Tarn Taran Sahib near Goindwal Sahib.
He became the first great martyr in Sikh history when Emperor Jahangir ordered his execution. Thus, he was hailed as Shaheedan-de-Sartaj (The crown of martyrs).
#Homo_longi
Chinese researchers have unveiled an ancient skull that could belong to a completely new species of human.
The researchers have named the new species Homo longi and gave it the nickname “Dragon Man” for the Dragon River region of northeast China where the skull was found.
The skull was discovered in 1933 but only came to the attention recently after a labourer came across it at a construction site in China.
The discovery of Dragon Man has the potential to rewrite the history of Human Evolution.
It is said that Homo longi could replace Neanderthals as the closest relative to our own species, Homo sapiens.
The Dragon man is at least 140,000 years old but no older than 309,000 years.
It belonged to a mature male who had a huge brain, massive brow ridges, deep set eyes and a bulbous
#Homo_luzonensis
Homo luzonensis is classified as a separate species on the basis of 13 bones and teeth from two adults and one child found in a cave on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
Unlike Homo sapiens, whose premolar teeth generally have a single root, Homo luzonensis' premolars had two or three roots, similar to more primitive species such as Homo erectus, which lived in Africa and Asia between about 1.89 million and 143,000 years ago.
The Homo luzonensis were around 3-4ft tall and lived on the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.
It is not a direct ancestor of modern day humans, but rather a distant ancient relative.
#Pre_Revision
#Tribo_Electric_NanoGenerators (TENG)
The TENG makes use of mechanical energy in the form of vibrations present everywhere in different forms to generate electricity.
The energy harvesting TENG works on the principle of creation of electrostatic charges via instantaneous physical contact of two dissimilar materials followed by generation of potential difference when a mismatch is introduced between the two contacted surfaces through a mechanical force.
This mechanism drives the electrons to move back and forth between the conducting films coated on the back of the tribo layers.
The method employed till date to design TENG use expensive fabrication methods like photolithography or reactive ion etching, and additional process like electrode preparation and so on.
The new design uses Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPU) either in the form of electrospun nanofibers or as a flat film using the simpler Doctor’s blade technique, along with Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as tribo layers.
The TPU nanofibers are obtained from the electrospinning (ES) technique.
It is a simple, cost-effective, bio-compatible, transparent nanogenerator.
The fabricated device TENG could light up 11 LEDs by gentle hand tapping and could be a potential candidate for use in optoelectronics, self-powered devices, and other biomedical applications.
#Nanogenerator
A Nanogenerator is a type of technology that converts mechanical/thermal energy as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity.
A Nanogenerator has three typical approaches: piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators.
Both the piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators can convert mechanical energy into electricity.
However, pyroelectric nanogenerators can be used to harvest thermal energy from a time-dependent temperature fluctuation.
#Doctor’s_blade_technique is one of the widely used techniques for producing thin films on large area surfaces.
#Optoelectronics is the field of technology concerned with electronic device application to the sourcing, detection and control of light
#Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the generation of electricity in certain materials upon application of pressure.
It can be the building blocks of futuristic Nano-electronics for applications like Ultrathin, next-generation Nano-transistors.
Its applications have eased our daily lives through the use of lighters, pressure gauge, sensors.
Piezoelectricity in 2D materials was first predicted theoretically in 2012 and later observed and confirmed experimentally in Monolayer in 2014.
Graphene-like two-dimensional (2D) materials gave surge to research in Piezoelectricity.
#Pre_Revision
The TENG makes use of mechanical energy in the form of vibrations present everywhere in different forms to generate electricity.
The energy harvesting TENG works on the principle of creation of electrostatic charges via instantaneous physical contact of two dissimilar materials followed by generation of potential difference when a mismatch is introduced between the two contacted surfaces through a mechanical force.
This mechanism drives the electrons to move back and forth between the conducting films coated on the back of the tribo layers.
The method employed till date to design TENG use expensive fabrication methods like photolithography or reactive ion etching, and additional process like electrode preparation and so on.
The new design uses Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPU) either in the form of electrospun nanofibers or as a flat film using the simpler Doctor’s blade technique, along with Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as tribo layers.
The TPU nanofibers are obtained from the electrospinning (ES) technique.
It is a simple, cost-effective, bio-compatible, transparent nanogenerator.
The fabricated device TENG could light up 11 LEDs by gentle hand tapping and could be a potential candidate for use in optoelectronics, self-powered devices, and other biomedical applications.
#Nanogenerator
A Nanogenerator is a type of technology that converts mechanical/thermal energy as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity.
A Nanogenerator has three typical approaches: piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators.
Both the piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators can convert mechanical energy into electricity.
However, pyroelectric nanogenerators can be used to harvest thermal energy from a time-dependent temperature fluctuation.
#Doctor’s_blade_technique is one of the widely used techniques for producing thin films on large area surfaces.
#Optoelectronics is the field of technology concerned with electronic device application to the sourcing, detection and control of light
#Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the generation of electricity in certain materials upon application of pressure.
It can be the building blocks of futuristic Nano-electronics for applications like Ultrathin, next-generation Nano-transistors.
Its applications have eased our daily lives through the use of lighters, pressure gauge, sensors.
Piezoelectricity in 2D materials was first predicted theoretically in 2012 and later observed and confirmed experimentally in Monolayer in 2014.
Graphene-like two-dimensional (2D) materials gave surge to research in Piezoelectricity.
#Pre_Revision
#Dragon_fruit (aka Kamalam)
It is a species of wild cactus which is indigenous to South and Central America, where it is called pitaya or pitahaya.
Scientifically referred to as Hylocereusundatus, the dragon fruit is grown in countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, the USA and Vietnam
There are three main varieties of dragon fruit: white flesh with pink skin, red flesh with pink skin, and white flesh with yellow skin
The fruit’s flesh is usually white or red although there is a less common yellow pitaya too and is studded with tiny seeds rather like the kiwifruit
The total lifespan of a Dragon fruit plant is fifteen to twenty years.
They grow in regions where summer temperatures rise above forty degrees Celsius.
It grows in all kinds of soil and does not require much water.
World’s largest producer and exporter- Vietnam, where the plant was brought by the French in the 19th century.
It was brought to India in the 1990s and is grown in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
PM in ‘Mann Ki Baat’ programme had mentioned about the dragon fruit farming in the arid Kutch region of Gujarat.
The dragon fruit contains fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
It can help in repairing the cell damage caused by oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, and also improving the digestive system.
#Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles
UAVs are generally called attackers delight and defender’s nightmare for the following reasons,
UAVs have no restriction on the terrain nor the condition of the environment.
Drones fly low and therefore cannot be detected by any radar system because they are small and do not have much radar cross-section.
Difficult to detect also means difficult to engage as well.
They do not match the cost of the kill vs the cost of the target.
Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) under the civil aviation ministry is regulating the UAVs in India
#DGCA
It is the regulatory body(under the Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020) in the field of Civil Aviation, primarily dealing with safety issues.
It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards.
The DGCA also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Functions of DGCA:
Registration of civil aircraft.
Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft.
Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose.
Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management programmes.
Coordination at national level for flexi-use of air space by civil and military air traffic agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of more air routes for civil use through Indian air space.
Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent.
#Pre_Revision
It is a species of wild cactus which is indigenous to South and Central America, where it is called pitaya or pitahaya.
Scientifically referred to as Hylocereusundatus, the dragon fruit is grown in countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, the USA and Vietnam
There are three main varieties of dragon fruit: white flesh with pink skin, red flesh with pink skin, and white flesh with yellow skin
The fruit’s flesh is usually white or red although there is a less common yellow pitaya too and is studded with tiny seeds rather like the kiwifruit
The total lifespan of a Dragon fruit plant is fifteen to twenty years.
They grow in regions where summer temperatures rise above forty degrees Celsius.
It grows in all kinds of soil and does not require much water.
World’s largest producer and exporter- Vietnam, where the plant was brought by the French in the 19th century.
It was brought to India in the 1990s and is grown in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
PM in ‘Mann Ki Baat’ programme had mentioned about the dragon fruit farming in the arid Kutch region of Gujarat.
The dragon fruit contains fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
It can help in repairing the cell damage caused by oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, and also improving the digestive system.
#Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles
UAVs are generally called attackers delight and defender’s nightmare for the following reasons,
UAVs have no restriction on the terrain nor the condition of the environment.
Drones fly low and therefore cannot be detected by any radar system because they are small and do not have much radar cross-section.
Difficult to detect also means difficult to engage as well.
They do not match the cost of the kill vs the cost of the target.
Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) under the civil aviation ministry is regulating the UAVs in India
#DGCA
It is the regulatory body(under the Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020) in the field of Civil Aviation, primarily dealing with safety issues.
It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards.
The DGCA also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Functions of DGCA:
Registration of civil aircraft.
Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft.
Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose.
Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management programmes.
Coordination at national level for flexi-use of air space by civil and military air traffic agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of more air routes for civil use through Indian air space.
Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent.
#Pre_Revision
#Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay
He was born in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family in Naihati, West Bengal and married at the age of 11.
He had a Law degree and was appointed as the Deputy Collector of Jessore in 1858. He retired from the service in 1891
He also founded a monthly literary magazine, Bangadarshan, in 1872.
The magazine stopped publication in the late 1880s, but was resurrected in 1901 with Rabindranath Tagore as its editor.
( it carried Tagore’s writings - including his first full-length novel Chokher Bali)
Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance, was published in 1865.
His famous novels include Kapalkundala (1866), Mrinalini (1869), Vishbriksha (1873), Chandrasekhar (1877), Rajani (1877), Rajsimha (1881), and Devi Chaudhurani (1884), Krishnakanter Will.
His earliest works were published in a weekly newspaper named Sangbad Prabhakar.
His first novel in English was titled, Rajmohan's Wife while his first novel in Bengali was named Durgeshnandini.
Rajmohan’s wife, is said to be the first published novel in English by an Indian.
He penned Vande Mataram on November 7, 1875.
The verses of Vande Mataram can also be found in his political novel, Anandamath which was published in 1882.
It was primarily about Sanyasi army fighting the British soldiers.
The tune of Vande Mataram was later given by Rabindranath Tagore.
#Sanyasi_Uprising_Bengal- (1770-1820s)
At least three separate events are called the Sannyasi Rebellion. One refers to a large body of Hindu sannyasis who travelled from North India to different parts of Bengal to visit shrines. En route to the shrines, it was customary for many of these ascetics to exact a religious tax from the headmen and zamindars or regional landlords
However, since the East India Company had received the Diwani or right to collect the tax, many of the tax demands increased and the local landlords and headmen were unable to pay both the ascetics and the English.
The other two movements involved a sect of Hindu ascetics, the Dasnami naga sannyasis who likewise visited Bengal on pilgrimage mixed with moneylending opportunities.
To the British, these ascetics were looters and must be stopped from collecting money that belonged to the Company and possibly from even entering the province. It was felt that a large body of people on the move was a possible threat.
The sanyasis retaliated by organising raids on the Company’s factories and state treasuries. Only after prolonged military action could Warren Hastings contain the raids by the sanyasis.
The British were wary of these wandering men and called them by various epithets like ‘erratic beggars’, ‘gypsies of Hindusthan’, ‘lawless mendicants’, ‘religious vagrants’, etc.
#Rabindranath_Tagore
also referred to as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
In 1913 Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work on Gitanjali.He was the first non-European to receive the Nobel Prize.
In 1921 established the Vishwa-Bharati University, a university that challenged conventional education
He is said to have given M. Gandhi the title of Mahatma.
He not only gave the national anthems for two countries, India and Bangladesh, but also inspired a Ceylonese student of his, to pen and compose the national anthem of Sri Lanka.
#Pre_Revision
He was born in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family in Naihati, West Bengal and married at the age of 11.
He had a Law degree and was appointed as the Deputy Collector of Jessore in 1858. He retired from the service in 1891
He also founded a monthly literary magazine, Bangadarshan, in 1872.
The magazine stopped publication in the late 1880s, but was resurrected in 1901 with Rabindranath Tagore as its editor.
( it carried Tagore’s writings - including his first full-length novel Chokher Bali)
Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance, was published in 1865.
His famous novels include Kapalkundala (1866), Mrinalini (1869), Vishbriksha (1873), Chandrasekhar (1877), Rajani (1877), Rajsimha (1881), and Devi Chaudhurani (1884), Krishnakanter Will.
His earliest works were published in a weekly newspaper named Sangbad Prabhakar.
His first novel in English was titled, Rajmohan's Wife while his first novel in Bengali was named Durgeshnandini.
Rajmohan’s wife, is said to be the first published novel in English by an Indian.
He penned Vande Mataram on November 7, 1875.
The verses of Vande Mataram can also be found in his political novel, Anandamath which was published in 1882.
It was primarily about Sanyasi army fighting the British soldiers.
The tune of Vande Mataram was later given by Rabindranath Tagore.
#Sanyasi_Uprising_Bengal- (1770-1820s)
At least three separate events are called the Sannyasi Rebellion. One refers to a large body of Hindu sannyasis who travelled from North India to different parts of Bengal to visit shrines. En route to the shrines, it was customary for many of these ascetics to exact a religious tax from the headmen and zamindars or regional landlords
However, since the East India Company had received the Diwani or right to collect the tax, many of the tax demands increased and the local landlords and headmen were unable to pay both the ascetics and the English.
The other two movements involved a sect of Hindu ascetics, the Dasnami naga sannyasis who likewise visited Bengal on pilgrimage mixed with moneylending opportunities.
To the British, these ascetics were looters and must be stopped from collecting money that belonged to the Company and possibly from even entering the province. It was felt that a large body of people on the move was a possible threat.
The sanyasis retaliated by organising raids on the Company’s factories and state treasuries. Only after prolonged military action could Warren Hastings contain the raids by the sanyasis.
The British were wary of these wandering men and called them by various epithets like ‘erratic beggars’, ‘gypsies of Hindusthan’, ‘lawless mendicants’, ‘religious vagrants’, etc.
#Rabindranath_Tagore
also referred to as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
In 1913 Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work on Gitanjali.He was the first non-European to receive the Nobel Prize.
In 1921 established the Vishwa-Bharati University, a university that challenged conventional education
He is said to have given M. Gandhi the title of Mahatma.
He not only gave the national anthems for two countries, India and Bangladesh, but also inspired a Ceylonese student of his, to pen and compose the national anthem of Sri Lanka.
#Pre_Revision
#Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
It is a law passed in the US and is among the world’s first laws recognising Intellectual Property (IP) on the internet.
The DMCA oversees the implementation of two 1996 treaties signed by World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) member nations- the Copyright Treaty and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Both the treaties require member nations and signatories to provide in their respective jurisdictions, protection to IP that may have been created by citizens of different nations who are also co-signatories to the treaty.
It also obligates that signatories to the treaty ensure ways to prevent circumvention of the technical measures used to protect copyrighted work.
Any content creator of any form, who believes that their original content has been copied by user or a website without authorisation can file an application citing their intellectual property has been stolen or violated.
In the case of social media intermediaries like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter, content creators can directly approach the platform with a proof of them being original creators.
Since these companies operate in nations which are signatories to the WIPO treaty, they are obligated to remove the said content if they receive a valid and legal DMCA takedown notice.
#WIPO
WIPO an UN specialized agency, was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".
WIPO currently administers 26 international treaties.
HQ. in Geneva, Switzerland.
193 member nations
Every year World Intellectual Property Day is being celebrated on 26th April.
All member states of the UN are entitled, though not obliged, to become members of the specialized agencies like WIPO.
188 of UN member states as well as Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue are members of WIPO.
Palestine has permanent observer status
#Global_Innovation_Index - an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation.
It is published in association with Cornell University and INSEAD.
#Paris_Convention_1883 for the Protection of IP
It covers:
Inventions(patents),
Trademarks,
Industrial Designs
#Berne_Convention_1886
For the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
It covers:
Novels, short stories, poems, plays;
Songs, opera, musicals;
Drawings, paintings, sculptures, architectural works
#WIPO_Performance_and_Phonograms_Treaty
Deals with the rights of two kinds of beneficiaries, particularly in the digital environment:
performers (actors, singers, musicians, etc.); and producers of phonograms (persons or legal entities that take the initiative and have the responsibility for the fixation of sounds).
#Marrakesh_Treaty
The treaty allows for copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other copyrighted works for visually impaired persons.
#Budapest_Treaty
International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure.
#WIPO_Copyright_Treaty
A special agreement under the Berne Convention which deals with the protection of works and the rights of their authors in the digital environment.
#Pre_Revision
It is a law passed in the US and is among the world’s first laws recognising Intellectual Property (IP) on the internet.
The DMCA oversees the implementation of two 1996 treaties signed by World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) member nations- the Copyright Treaty and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Both the treaties require member nations and signatories to provide in their respective jurisdictions, protection to IP that may have been created by citizens of different nations who are also co-signatories to the treaty.
It also obligates that signatories to the treaty ensure ways to prevent circumvention of the technical measures used to protect copyrighted work.
Any content creator of any form, who believes that their original content has been copied by user or a website without authorisation can file an application citing their intellectual property has been stolen or violated.
In the case of social media intermediaries like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter, content creators can directly approach the platform with a proof of them being original creators.
Since these companies operate in nations which are signatories to the WIPO treaty, they are obligated to remove the said content if they receive a valid and legal DMCA takedown notice.
#WIPO
WIPO an UN specialized agency, was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".
WIPO currently administers 26 international treaties.
HQ. in Geneva, Switzerland.
193 member nations
Every year World Intellectual Property Day is being celebrated on 26th April.
All member states of the UN are entitled, though not obliged, to become members of the specialized agencies like WIPO.
188 of UN member states as well as Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue are members of WIPO.
Palestine has permanent observer status
#Global_Innovation_Index - an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation.
It is published in association with Cornell University and INSEAD.
#Paris_Convention_1883 for the Protection of IP
It covers:
Inventions(patents),
Trademarks,
Industrial Designs
#Berne_Convention_1886
For the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
It covers:
Novels, short stories, poems, plays;
Songs, opera, musicals;
Drawings, paintings, sculptures, architectural works
#WIPO_Performance_and_Phonograms_Treaty
Deals with the rights of two kinds of beneficiaries, particularly in the digital environment:
performers (actors, singers, musicians, etc.); and producers of phonograms (persons or legal entities that take the initiative and have the responsibility for the fixation of sounds).
#Marrakesh_Treaty
The treaty allows for copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other copyrighted works for visually impaired persons.
#Budapest_Treaty
International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure.
#WIPO_Copyright_Treaty
A special agreement under the Berne Convention which deals with the protection of works and the rights of their authors in the digital environment.
#Pre_Revision
#Export_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation_of_India
The Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) is a fully government-owned company(MoC&I)that was established in 1957 to promote exports by providing credit insurance services.
The ECGC provides Export Credit Insurance to Banks (ECIB) to protect the banks from losses on account of export credit at the Pre and Post-Shipment stage given to exporters due to the risks of insolvency or protracted default of the exporter borrower
#National_Export_Insurance_Account (NEIA)
It aims to facilitate medium and long-term exports, which are commercially viable, considering the limitations of the ECGC Limited in providing adequate cover on its own and non-availability of reinsurance cover to such exporters.
NEIA aims to ensure the availability of credit risk cover for projects and other high-value exports, which are desirable from the point of view of national interest, but which ECGC is unable to underwrite at terms which will not affect the competitiveness of the exports.
It provides covers to buyer’s credit, given by EXIM Bank, to less credit-worthy borrowers and supporting project exporters.
GoI has also set up a High-Powered Committee called the Committee of Directions (COD) under the MoC&I to ensure proper and effective utilisation of NEIA scheme.
The MoC&I is the competent authority to make suitable changes in the composition of the committee as and when considered necessary.
#NEIA_Trust
A Trust has been set up for maintaining and operating NEIA and will be subject to the directions that would be issued by the Govt. of India from time- to- time.
The Trust primarily deals with the funds made available for NEIA and the investments keeping in view the funds requirement for meeting the immediate obligations.
The interest derived from the investments, premium received and the recoveries in respect of claims paid out of NEIA is credited to the NEIA account.
The Trust submits quarterly reports to COD and the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MOCI).
#Nirvik_Scheme
By ECGC of India
It is an insurance cover guarantee that will cover up to 90% of the principal and interest. The cover will include both pre and post-shipment credit
#Pre_Revision
The Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) is a fully government-owned company(MoC&I)that was established in 1957 to promote exports by providing credit insurance services.
The ECGC provides Export Credit Insurance to Banks (ECIB) to protect the banks from losses on account of export credit at the Pre and Post-Shipment stage given to exporters due to the risks of insolvency or protracted default of the exporter borrower
#National_Export_Insurance_Account (NEIA)
It aims to facilitate medium and long-term exports, which are commercially viable, considering the limitations of the ECGC Limited in providing adequate cover on its own and non-availability of reinsurance cover to such exporters.
NEIA aims to ensure the availability of credit risk cover for projects and other high-value exports, which are desirable from the point of view of national interest, but which ECGC is unable to underwrite at terms which will not affect the competitiveness of the exports.
It provides covers to buyer’s credit, given by EXIM Bank, to less credit-worthy borrowers and supporting project exporters.
GoI has also set up a High-Powered Committee called the Committee of Directions (COD) under the MoC&I to ensure proper and effective utilisation of NEIA scheme.
The MoC&I is the competent authority to make suitable changes in the composition of the committee as and when considered necessary.
#NEIA_Trust
A Trust has been set up for maintaining and operating NEIA and will be subject to the directions that would be issued by the Govt. of India from time- to- time.
The Trust primarily deals with the funds made available for NEIA and the investments keeping in view the funds requirement for meeting the immediate obligations.
The interest derived from the investments, premium received and the recoveries in respect of claims paid out of NEIA is credited to the NEIA account.
The Trust submits quarterly reports to COD and the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MOCI).
#Nirvik_Scheme
By ECGC of India
It is an insurance cover guarantee that will cover up to 90% of the principal and interest. The cover will include both pre and post-shipment credit
#Pre_Revision
#Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005
It’s a civil law aimed at providing a fourfold support system to women who have suffered violence at home:
– Residence orders,
– custody orders,
– protection orders and
– monetary relief from a respondent
Includes physical and mental ill-treatment.
Primarily meant for the protection of wife or female live-in partners.
Law also extends to sisters, widows, or mothers.
Harassment in the form of dowry demands also included in this law.
Gives women the right to secure housing.
The court can also issue protection orders that prevent the abuser to harass the women by acts at her workplace.
The act proposes the appointment of protection officers and NGOs.
A breach of a protection order is a non-bailable offense.
Marital rape, or sexual intercourse by a husband without the wife’s express consent, is an exception to rape under IPC. But PWDVA can come to the rescue of these women through protection orders or orders to stop violence.
SC in 2016 ordered the deletion of the words ‘adult male’ from Section 2(q) of the law.
The section deals with respondents who can be sued and prosecuted under the Act for harassing a married woman in her matrimonial home. It paves the way for prosecution of women and even non-adults for subjecting a woman relative to violence and harassment.
The law has now been made gender neutral, as the court found that the words “adult male” violated the right to equality. There is better balance in the law now with the recognition that women can also be perpetrators of violence within families. The change should help many women who are victims of violence.
#Mains_Data
A 2014 study by the United Nations Population Fund and the International Center for Research on Women found that 60% of men reported using some form of violence—physical, economic, emotional or sexual—against their wife or partner
– Emotional violence had the highest prevalence, with 41% of men admitting that they had used it at some point on their wives or partners.
#Protection_Officer
The State Government shall appoint such number of Protection Officers in each district as it may consider necessary.
The State Government shall also notify the area or areas within which a Protection Officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties conferred on him/her by or under this Act.
The Protection Officers shall as far as possible be women and shall possess such qualifications and experience as may be prescribed.
It shall be the duty of the Protection Officer to assist the Magistrate in the discharge of his functions under this Act.
He/She is also responsible to make a domestic incident report to the Magistrate, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed.
The Protection Officer shall be under the control and supervision of the Magistrate, and shall perform the duties imposed on him/her by the Magistrate and the Government by, or under, this Act.
#Pre_Revision
It’s a civil law aimed at providing a fourfold support system to women who have suffered violence at home:
– Residence orders,
– custody orders,
– protection orders and
– monetary relief from a respondent
Includes physical and mental ill-treatment.
Primarily meant for the protection of wife or female live-in partners.
Law also extends to sisters, widows, or mothers.
Harassment in the form of dowry demands also included in this law.
Gives women the right to secure housing.
The court can also issue protection orders that prevent the abuser to harass the women by acts at her workplace.
The act proposes the appointment of protection officers and NGOs.
A breach of a protection order is a non-bailable offense.
Marital rape, or sexual intercourse by a husband without the wife’s express consent, is an exception to rape under IPC. But PWDVA can come to the rescue of these women through protection orders or orders to stop violence.
SC in 2016 ordered the deletion of the words ‘adult male’ from Section 2(q) of the law.
The section deals with respondents who can be sued and prosecuted under the Act for harassing a married woman in her matrimonial home. It paves the way for prosecution of women and even non-adults for subjecting a woman relative to violence and harassment.
The law has now been made gender neutral, as the court found that the words “adult male” violated the right to equality. There is better balance in the law now with the recognition that women can also be perpetrators of violence within families. The change should help many women who are victims of violence.
#Mains_Data
A 2014 study by the United Nations Population Fund and the International Center for Research on Women found that 60% of men reported using some form of violence—physical, economic, emotional or sexual—against their wife or partner
– Emotional violence had the highest prevalence, with 41% of men admitting that they had used it at some point on their wives or partners.
#Protection_Officer
The State Government shall appoint such number of Protection Officers in each district as it may consider necessary.
The State Government shall also notify the area or areas within which a Protection Officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties conferred on him/her by or under this Act.
The Protection Officers shall as far as possible be women and shall possess such qualifications and experience as may be prescribed.
It shall be the duty of the Protection Officer to assist the Magistrate in the discharge of his functions under this Act.
He/She is also responsible to make a domestic incident report to the Magistrate, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed.
The Protection Officer shall be under the control and supervision of the Magistrate, and shall perform the duties imposed on him/her by the Magistrate and the Government by, or under, this Act.
#Pre_Revision