Features of 5G Technology:
Millimeter wave spectrum: The 5G networks will operate in the millimeter wave spectrum (30-300 GHz) which have the advantage of sending large amounts of data at very high speeds because the frequency is so high, it experiences little interference from surrounding signals.
Upgraded LTE: 5G is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
Internet speed: In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.
5G network speeds should have a peak data rate of 20 Gb/s for the downlink and 10 Gb/s for the uplink.
Bands in 5G: 5G mainly work in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.
Low band spectrum: It has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange however the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
Mid-band spectrum: It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
High-band spectrum: It has the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.
#Pre_Revision
Millimeter wave spectrum: The 5G networks will operate in the millimeter wave spectrum (30-300 GHz) which have the advantage of sending large amounts of data at very high speeds because the frequency is so high, it experiences little interference from surrounding signals.
Upgraded LTE: 5G is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
Internet speed: In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.
5G network speeds should have a peak data rate of 20 Gb/s for the downlink and 10 Gb/s for the uplink.
Bands in 5G: 5G mainly work in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.
Low band spectrum: It has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange however the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
Mid-band spectrum: It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
High-band spectrum: It has the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.
#Pre_Revision
Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs)
It is the research body of the Ministry of Tribal affairs at state level.
It is envisaged that TRIs should focus on their core responsibilities as body of knowledge & research more or less as a think tank for tribal development, preservation of tribal cultural heritage, providing inputs to States for evidence based planning and appropriate legislations, capacity building of tribals and persons / institutions associated with tribal affairs, dissemination of information and creation of awareness.
Currently, 26 such Institutes are functioning across the Country, under the administrative control of the respective State Governments.
These institutes activity cost and infrastructure including buildings are fully funded by the Central Government through Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
Expenditure on salary of staff is met by the State Governments.
#Pre_Revision
It is the research body of the Ministry of Tribal affairs at state level.
It is envisaged that TRIs should focus on their core responsibilities as body of knowledge & research more or less as a think tank for tribal development, preservation of tribal cultural heritage, providing inputs to States for evidence based planning and appropriate legislations, capacity building of tribals and persons / institutions associated with tribal affairs, dissemination of information and creation of awareness.
Currently, 26 such Institutes are functioning across the Country, under the administrative control of the respective State Governments.
These institutes activity cost and infrastructure including buildings are fully funded by the Central Government through Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
Expenditure on salary of staff is met by the State Governments.
#Pre_Revision
#AcryloSorb--It is a highly efficient superabsorbent material for liquid respiratory and other body fluid solidification and disinfection
#“KIRAN”--24x7 Toll-Free Mental Health Rehabilitation Helpline, started bythe Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
#National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI)-Entrepreneurs-in-Residence
-->It aims to encourage graduating students to take to entrepreneurship by providing support as a fellowship.
The programme is powered by Department of Science & Technology and Venture Centre, Pune.
#Pre_Revision
#“KIRAN”--24x7 Toll-Free Mental Health Rehabilitation Helpline, started bythe Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
#National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI)-Entrepreneurs-in-Residence
-->It aims to encourage graduating students to take to entrepreneurship by providing support as a fellowship.
The programme is powered by Department of Science & Technology and Venture Centre, Pune.
#Pre_Revision
Ready to Fight Covid
https://readytofightcovid.in/
If anyone want remdivisir throughout India...check for availability here...
https://readytofightcovid.in/
If anyone want remdivisir throughout India...check for availability here...
Mitochondrial DNA
It is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria.
The mitochondria are organelles found in cells that are the sites of energy production. They produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), hence they are called ‘power houses’ of the cell. The mitochondria divide by fission.
It is different in a way from the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) that's in the nucleus.
Mitochondrial DNA is small and circular. It has only 16,500 or so base pairs in it. It encodes different proteins that are specific for the mitochondrial.
The nuclear genome is linear and is made of 3.3 billion DNA base pairs.
The mitochondrial genome is not enveloped, and it is not packaged into chromatin.
Mitochondrial DNA, unlike nuclear DNA, is inherited from the mother, while nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents.
If there's a defect in some of those mitochondrial DNA bases, that is to say a mutation, one will have a mitochondrial disease, which will involve the inability to produce sufficient energy in things like the muscle and the brain, and the kidney.
#Pre_Revision
It is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria.
The mitochondria are organelles found in cells that are the sites of energy production. They produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), hence they are called ‘power houses’ of the cell. The mitochondria divide by fission.
It is different in a way from the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) that's in the nucleus.
Mitochondrial DNA is small and circular. It has only 16,500 or so base pairs in it. It encodes different proteins that are specific for the mitochondrial.
The nuclear genome is linear and is made of 3.3 billion DNA base pairs.
The mitochondrial genome is not enveloped, and it is not packaged into chromatin.
Mitochondrial DNA, unlike nuclear DNA, is inherited from the mother, while nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents.
If there's a defect in some of those mitochondrial DNA bases, that is to say a mutation, one will have a mitochondrial disease, which will involve the inability to produce sufficient energy in things like the muscle and the brain, and the kidney.
#Pre_Revision
#Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
Important Works:
Journals:
Mooknayak (1920)
Bahishkrit Bharat (1927)
Samatha (1929)
Janata (1930)
Books:
Annihilation of Caste
Buddha or Karl Marx
The Untouchable: Who are They and Why They Have Become Untouchables
Buddha and His Dhamma
The Rise and Fall of Hindu Women
Organisations:
Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (1924)
Independent Labor Party (1936)
Scheduled Castes Federation (1942)
#Pre_Revision
Important Works:
Journals:
Mooknayak (1920)
Bahishkrit Bharat (1927)
Samatha (1929)
Janata (1930)
Books:
Annihilation of Caste
Buddha or Karl Marx
The Untouchable: Who are They and Why They Have Become Untouchables
Buddha and His Dhamma
The Rise and Fall of Hindu Women
Organisations:
Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (1924)
Independent Labor Party (1936)
Scheduled Castes Federation (1942)
#Pre_Revision
13th Amendment
It is an outcome of the Indo-Lanka Accord of July 1987, signed by the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President J.R. Jayawardene.
It is an attempt to resolve Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict that had aggravated into a full-fledged civil war, between the armed forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which led the struggle for Tamils’ self-determination and sought a separate state.
The 13th Amendment, which led to the creation of Provincial Councils, assured a power sharing arrangement to enable all nine provinces in the country, including Sinhala majority areas, to self-govern.
Subjects such as education, health, agriculture, housing, land and police are devolved to the provincial administrations, but because of restrictions on financial powers and overriding powers given to the President, the provincial administrations have not made much headway.
In particular, the provisions relating to police and land have never been implemented.
Initially, the north and eastern provinces were merged and had a North-Eastern Provincial Council, but the two were de-merged in 2007 following a Supreme Court verdict.
#Pre_Revision
It is an outcome of the Indo-Lanka Accord of July 1987, signed by the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President J.R. Jayawardene.
It is an attempt to resolve Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict that had aggravated into a full-fledged civil war, between the armed forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which led the struggle for Tamils’ self-determination and sought a separate state.
The 13th Amendment, which led to the creation of Provincial Councils, assured a power sharing arrangement to enable all nine provinces in the country, including Sinhala majority areas, to self-govern.
Subjects such as education, health, agriculture, housing, land and police are devolved to the provincial administrations, but because of restrictions on financial powers and overriding powers given to the President, the provincial administrations have not made much headway.
In particular, the provisions relating to police and land have never been implemented.
Initially, the north and eastern provinces were merged and had a North-Eastern Provincial Council, but the two were de-merged in 2007 following a Supreme Court verdict.
#Pre_Revision
Assam Rifles
Assam Rifles is one of the 6 Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
It conducts counter insurgency operations in the North-East, under control of the Indian Army, Minsitry of Defence (MoD).
It is the only paramilitary force with a dual control structure.
The administrative control of the force is with the MHA, its operational control is with Indian Army, which is under the MoD.
It’s recruitment, perks, promotion and retirement policies are governed according to the rules framed by the MHA for CAPFs.
#Pre_Revision
Assam Rifles is one of the 6 Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
It conducts counter insurgency operations in the North-East, under control of the Indian Army, Minsitry of Defence (MoD).
It is the only paramilitary force with a dual control structure.
The administrative control of the force is with the MHA, its operational control is with Indian Army, which is under the MoD.
It’s recruitment, perks, promotion and retirement policies are governed according to the rules framed by the MHA for CAPFs.
#Pre_Revision
Dear students,
Please take care of yourself and your family. Follow the guidelines of authorities.
We will win the battle against corona for sure.
Regards,
Plus IAS.
Please take care of yourself and your family. Follow the guidelines of authorities.
We will win the battle against corona for sure.
Regards,
Plus IAS.
Pang Lhabsol
It commemorates the consecration of Mount Khangchendzonga as the guardian deity of Sikkim.
It is believed that the mountain god played an active role in introducing Buddhism into this former kingdom.
The festival also marks the commemoration of blood brotherhood sworn between the Lepchas and the Bhutias at Kabi in 15th century.
#Pre_Revision
It commemorates the consecration of Mount Khangchendzonga as the guardian deity of Sikkim.
It is believed that the mountain god played an active role in introducing Buddhism into this former kingdom.
The festival also marks the commemoration of blood brotherhood sworn between the Lepchas and the Bhutias at Kabi in 15th century.
#Pre_Revision
EatSmart Cities Challenge:
Launched by the Housing & Urban Affairs Ministry.
The Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under Eat Right India.
The challenge is open to all Smart Cities, capital cities of States/UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.
#Pre_Revision
Launched by the Housing & Urban Affairs Ministry.
The Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under Eat Right India.
The challenge is open to all Smart Cities, capital cities of States/UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.
#Pre_Revision
New years in India
Bohag Bihu festival - It marks the beginning of the Assamese New Year.
The word “Bihu” is derived from the Sanskrit word Bishu, meaning “to ask blessings and prosperity from the Gods” before the onset of the harvest season.
Vishu - It is an important festival celebrated in the state of Kerala, and by Keralites around the country and the world.
It marks the first day of the Malayalam calendar and, therefore, is celebrated with a lot of festive excitement by Malayalis.
Puthandu - Puthandu or Puthuvarusham is celebrated with much fervour by people in Tamil Nadu.
Puthandu is celebrated when the sun is exactly over the equator.
Naba Barsha - Shubho Nabo Barsho or Pohela Boisakh marks the first day of the Bengali lunisolar calendar.
It marks the beginning of the financial year for the Bengali business class and shopkeepers.
Vaisakhadi - Mesadi - Vaisakhadi is a festival for the harvest season celebrared among Khalsa community.
Maha Bishuba Pana Sankranti – It marks the Odia New Year.
People mark the advent of the New Year by drinking pana, a sweet-sour drink made with bael (wood apple), fruits and sugar.
#Pre_Revision
Bohag Bihu festival - It marks the beginning of the Assamese New Year.
The word “Bihu” is derived from the Sanskrit word Bishu, meaning “to ask blessings and prosperity from the Gods” before the onset of the harvest season.
Vishu - It is an important festival celebrated in the state of Kerala, and by Keralites around the country and the world.
It marks the first day of the Malayalam calendar and, therefore, is celebrated with a lot of festive excitement by Malayalis.
Puthandu - Puthandu or Puthuvarusham is celebrated with much fervour by people in Tamil Nadu.
Puthandu is celebrated when the sun is exactly over the equator.
Naba Barsha - Shubho Nabo Barsho or Pohela Boisakh marks the first day of the Bengali lunisolar calendar.
It marks the beginning of the financial year for the Bengali business class and shopkeepers.
Vaisakhadi - Mesadi - Vaisakhadi is a festival for the harvest season celebrared among Khalsa community.
Maha Bishuba Pana Sankranti – It marks the Odia New Year.
People mark the advent of the New Year by drinking pana, a sweet-sour drink made with bael (wood apple), fruits and sugar.
#Pre_Revision
Danube Sturgeon
Sturgeons have existed since the time of dinosaurs, for about 200 million years. Some of the species can grow up to eight metre in length and live more than a century.
Living Fossil is an organism that has remained unchanged from earlier geologic times and whose close relatives are usually extinct.
Other than Sturgeons, Horseshoe crab and ginkgo trees are examples of living fossils.
There are 27 species of sturgeons and paddlefishes distributed across the Northern hemisphere.
While some species inhabit only freshwater, most species are anadromous, spawning in freshwater but spending much of their life history in marine or brackish environments.
Danube sturgeons live mostly in the Black Sea, migrating up the Danube and other major rivers to spawn.
There are 6 species of sturgeon in the Danube River, Five of them are now listed as under IUCN red list.
#Pre_Revision
Sturgeons have existed since the time of dinosaurs, for about 200 million years. Some of the species can grow up to eight metre in length and live more than a century.
Living Fossil is an organism that has remained unchanged from earlier geologic times and whose close relatives are usually extinct.
Other than Sturgeons, Horseshoe crab and ginkgo trees are examples of living fossils.
There are 27 species of sturgeons and paddlefishes distributed across the Northern hemisphere.
While some species inhabit only freshwater, most species are anadromous, spawning in freshwater but spending much of their life history in marine or brackish environments.
Danube sturgeons live mostly in the Black Sea, migrating up the Danube and other major rivers to spawn.
There are 6 species of sturgeon in the Danube River, Five of them are now listed as under IUCN red list.
#Pre_Revision
Omega Centauri
It is the brightest and the largest globular cluster in our Galaxy, the Milky Way.
The different stars of Omega Centauri do not show the same metal content, a parameter that indicates its age, but a large range in it.
Due to the anomalous elemental abundances, the formation scenario may be different from normal.
Normally, the abundances are derived using the assumption that He is one-tenth of the H-abundance.
A team of scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India studied numerous stars of this cluster and discovered He-enhanced cool bright stars among the metal-rich sample of Omega Centauri.
#Pre_Revision
It is the brightest and the largest globular cluster in our Galaxy, the Milky Way.
The different stars of Omega Centauri do not show the same metal content, a parameter that indicates its age, but a large range in it.
Due to the anomalous elemental abundances, the formation scenario may be different from normal.
Normally, the abundances are derived using the assumption that He is one-tenth of the H-abundance.
A team of scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India studied numerous stars of this cluster and discovered He-enhanced cool bright stars among the metal-rich sample of Omega Centauri.
#Pre_Revision
#Black_Sea
Black Sea is an inland sea located between far-southeastern Europe and the far-western edges of the continent of Asia and the country of Turkey.
It connects to the Mediterranean Sea first through the Bosporus Strait, then through the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles Strait, then south through the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Crete.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, and Turkey are bordering nations of Black Sea.
#Pre_Revision
Black Sea is an inland sea located between far-southeastern Europe and the far-western edges of the continent of Asia and the country of Turkey.
It connects to the Mediterranean Sea first through the Bosporus Strait, then through the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles Strait, then south through the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Crete.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, and Turkey are bordering nations of Black Sea.
#Pre_Revision
Kalpa sutra
Kalpa sutra is a Jain ancient text containing the biographies of the last two Jain Tirthankaras,
Parshvanath and Mahavira.
It contains detailed life histories with illustrations. Adinath (or Rishabh Dev) and Neminath are two other
Tirthankaras briefly mentioned in the text, with Adinath depicted in some of the illustrations.
• The book is considered to be written by Bhadrabahu I.
#Pre_Revision
Kalpa sutra is a Jain ancient text containing the biographies of the last two Jain Tirthankaras,
Parshvanath and Mahavira.
It contains detailed life histories with illustrations. Adinath (or Rishabh Dev) and Neminath are two other
Tirthankaras briefly mentioned in the text, with Adinath depicted in some of the illustrations.
• The book is considered to be written by Bhadrabahu I.
#Pre_Revision