Transport infrastructure also mattered for Chinese economic development. Economic growth in the Middle Kingdom was greatly aided by the creation of the Grand Canal by the Sui (581–618 CE) and Tang (618–907 CE) dynasties and improved by their successors. The Grand Canal, said to be 40 meters wide, connected the Yangzi to the Yellow River. Its construction needed thousands of laborers and the vast expenditures involved caused the collapse of the Sui. The canal transported grain to the capital city, Luoyang, and played a critical role in supplying the army guarding the northern frontier. In the Tang dynasty, 130,000 tons of grain were transported north each year (Ball, 2017, p. 120).

How the world became rich

Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005b) studied the impact of Atlantic trade on European economic development. They found that the discovery of the Americas and the development of new trade routes had varying effects on economic growth, depending on the society’s political institutions. In other words, geography played a role in determining economic outcomes via its effect on institutions. Where long-distance commerce was already controlled by the crown, access to the Atlantic strengthened royal power. Two prominent examples of this are Charles V and Phillip II, who ruled Spain for most of the 16th century. Access to the Atlantic – and all of the wealth flowing from South American mines – allowed them to dispense with representative institutions. Thus, while Spain was initially enriched by the Americas, the long-run impact on economic growth was negative, since it resulted in more extractive institutions. In contrast, where monarchs lacked the ability to control or monopolize long-distance trade (such as in England or the Dutch Republic), the discovery of the Americas strengthened the merchant class and enabled them to constrain royal power.


How the world became rich

The Global Risks Report 2025

Rule of law vs. per capita GDP
Data sources: World Justice Project (2020) for rule of law, Bolt and van Zanden (2020) for per capita GDP.

Economic freedom is strongly correlated with per capita income.


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One of the lessons from England’s political and economic rise is that well-functioning property rights matter for economic success.

How the world became rich

Trampga kimdir dos and don'ts list tuzib bergan boʻlsa, u bularning oʻrnini almashtirib qoʻygan shekilli.

https://www.tg-me.com/uzbekonomics/1094

"O'zimga eslatmalar" ruknidan.

O'qituvchining o'tadigan darsi soxta lekin oladigan puli haqiqiy bo'lishi mumkin emas.

Bir necha oydan keyin imtihon boʻladi. Hali ham kech emas alohida kvota/imtiyozlarni bekor qilishga.

Oʻqishga kirishdagi imtiyozlar deganda esimga tushdi:

"Ўтган ҳафта якунида Президент билан Фарғонада учрашган абитуриент Мадина Солиевага давлатимиз раҳбари ўзи орзу қилган ЎДЖТУга ўқишга киришига омад тилиган эди.

Бу воқеадан бир кун ўтиб Олий таълим, фан ва инновациялар вазирлиги вакиллари ҳамда ЎДЖТУ ректори Фарғонага келиб, унга имтиёзли асосида, ҳеч бир имтиҳонсиз ўқишга қабул қилинганлиги тўғрисидаги сертификатни тантанали  топширибди."

Tramp: Agar sizda bizning qurollarimiz boʻlmaganida, urush ikki hafta davom etgan boʻlar edi.

Zelenskiy: Uch kun. Buni men Putindan eshitganman.


https://youtu.be/uqOOOR7Kr-s?si=rkWxQDHYV3z0jSZw

Ramazon oyi muborak bo'lsin!