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Multilingualism

Features

✅No national language only official language
✅ Linguistic minorities fundamental rights to establish and administer educational institutes of their choice
✅ Teaching in mother tongue
✅ Right of language conservation

Government initiatives

✅ Eights Schedule- 22 Languages
✅ Three Language Formula in schools
✅ Recognition Of Classical Languages
✅ Bhasini – Content in Indian Languages

Challenges

✅ Monolingual surroundings
✅ Shortage of human and financial resources
✅ Stagnation in languages & poor intergenerational transfers
✅ Apprehension towards multilingualism policies from some states
✅Negative influence of globalization
✅ Stigma- increased social inequalities and reduced social cohesion

✅ Documentation of all languages
✅ Overcome inefficiencies of education system
✅ Remove existing linguistic inequalities
✅ Recognition of local content in regional languages
✅ Awareness on linguistic rights.

#gs2
#polity
#mains

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🔆 Operation Sindoor: A Pivotal Moment in India’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy

📍 Background
✅ Operation Sindoor, launched on May 7, 2025, was a strategic response to the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, that killed 26 civilians (25 Indians and one Nepali).
✅ The operation targeted nine terror sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoJK), including Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), and Hizbul Mujahideen (HuM), neutralizing terror infrastructure.

📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Counter-Terrorism: The operation aimed to disrupt Pakistan-based terror groups and send a message of zero tolerance for terrorism.
✅ National Security: It safeguarded India’s sovereignty and civilian lives from cross-border terrorism.
✅ Geopolitical Messaging: The operation signaled India’s strategic restraint, rejecting nuclear blackmail by hitting terrorist camps while avoiding military installations, maintaining a measured approach.

📍 Execution
✅ The operation was precise and efficient, executed by the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.
✅ It involved the use of indigenous systems like Akash, BrahMos, and NavIC-guided munitions to strike terror infrastructure with minimal collateral damage.
✅ Pakistan’s Response: Pakistan retaliated with drone strikes and missile attacks, while India neutralized Pakistani drones using advanced defense systems like Akash and BrahMos.

📍 Significance
1️⃣ New Security Doctrine: Established a firm stance on rejecting nuclear blackmail and reaffirmed India’s commitment to global counter-terrorism efforts.
2️⃣ Technological Superiority: Showcased Atmanirbhar Bharat through precision-guided missiles, neutralizing PL-15 missiles and Chinese-origin drones.
3️⃣ Diplomatic Leverage: The operation reinforced India’s regional influence, highlighted by its strategic restraint and Indus Waters Treaty suspension.
4️⃣ Regional Stability: Strengthened India-Pakistan engagement rules with zero tolerance for terrorism, reinforcing Rawalpindi’s vulnerability.
5️⃣ Global Messaging: Sent a clear message to the international community, debunking Pakistan’s false claims and asserting India’s role in international security.

📍 Future Course of Action
1️⃣ Strengthen Intelligence: Enhance IB, R&AW, and local police intelligence for proactive threat detection.
2️⃣ Restore J&K Statehood: Win local support and curb terror logistics.
3️⃣ Expand Drone Capabilities: Develop indigenous drone swarms to counter emerging aerial threats.
4️⃣ Upgrade Air Force: Increase IAF squadrons to 42 and accelerate AMCA project to address China and Pakistan threats.
5️⃣ Target Terror Leaders: Focus on high-value targets hiding in Pakistan through covert operations.
6️⃣ Global Advocacy: Push for UN sanctions on TRF and Pakistan’s return to the FATF Grey List.
7️⃣ Leverage Non-Military Pressure: Utilize Indus Waters Treaty as a strategic tool for non-military coercion.

📍 Conclusion
Operation Sindoor has redefined India’s counter-terrorism approach, demonstrating operational excellence and strategic restraint. It marks a new chapter in India’s defense strategy, reinforcing that terrorism will not be tolerated, while signaling India’s commitment to global peace and security.

#CounterTerrorism #Defense
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🔆Pillar Edicts and Inscriptions

✅The seven pillar edicts of Ashoka have been discovered in Topra (Delhi), Meerut, Kausambhi, Rampurva, Champaran, and Mehrauli:
✅Asoka’s idea of people protection is enshrined in Pillar Edict I.
✅Pillar Edict II: Defines Dhamma as having the least sins, the greatest number of virtues, compassion, liberality, honesty, and purity.
✅Pillar Edict III: Removes sins such as harshness, cruelty, rage, and pride, among others.
✅Pillar Edict IV: Addresses the responsibilities of Rajukas.
✅Pillar Edict V: A list of animals and birds that should not be slaughtered on certain days, as well as a separate list of species that should not be killed at all.
✅Dhamma policy is the sixth pillar edict.
✅Asoka’s work towards Dhamma policy is documented in Pillar Edict VII.

📍Minor Pillar Inscriptions

✅Inscription on the Rummindei Pillar: Asoka’s visit to Lumbini and the exemption of Lumbini from taxation.
✅Inscription on the Nigalisagar Pillar in Nepal: Asoka extended the height of Buddha Konakamana’s stupa to twice its original size.

📍Major Pillar Inscriptions

Sarnath Lion Capital was erected by Ashoka in Varanasi to commemorate Dhammachakrapravartana or Buddha’s first discourse.
✅Single lion on Vaishali Pillar in Bihar, with no inscription.
✅Uttar Pradesh’s Sankissa Pillar
Champaran, Bihar: Lauriya-Nandangarth.
Champaran, Bihar: Lauriya-Araraj
Uttar Pradesh’s Allahabad pillar.

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🔆 100 Aspirational Agriculture Districts under PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)

📍 About the Initiative
✅ The government has identified 100 Aspirational Agriculture Districts (AADs) across 29 States and UTs under the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY).
✅ Aim: To enhance agricultural productivity, improve rural infrastructure, and ensure balanced regional growth in the farm sector.

📍 Objectives
✅ Transform underperforming agricultural regions into high-growth, resilient, and sustainable hubs.
✅ Improve irrigation, credit access, market linkages, and crop diversification.
✅ Strengthen district-level planning and drive convergence across existing schemes.

📍 Criteria for Selection
🔹 Districts were chosen based on:
1️⃣ Low crop productivity
2️⃣ Moderate crop intensity
3️⃣ Below-average access to institutional credit

📍 Implementation Framework
✅ Each district will prepare a District Agriculture Development Plan (DADP).
✅ Programme will converge 36 schemes from 11 Central Ministries/Departments for coordinated development.
✅ 100 Central Nodal Officers (CNOs) — mainly Joint Secretaries — will monitor implementation.

📍 Geographical Distribution
• Uttar Pradesh: 12 districts
• Maharashtra: 9
• Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan: 8 each
• Bihar: 7
• Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, West Bengal: 4 each
• Assam, Chhattisgarh, Kerala: 3 each
• J&K, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand: 2 each
• Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim, Tripura: 1 each

📍 Significance
✅ Promotes inclusive agricultural growth and reduces regional disparities.
✅ Encourages data-driven governance and local-level agricultural planning.
✅ Supports Aatmanirbhar Krishi through convergence of schemes like PM-KUSUM, PMKSY, and PMFBY.


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🔆 About Neonatal Sepsis

📍 Overview
✅ Neonatal sepsis is a bloodstream infection occurring in infants younger than 28 days.
✅ It is a leading cause of newborn illness and death, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

📍 Causative Agents
✅ Common bacterial causes include:
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Group B Streptococcus (GBS) – a major pathogen
• Certain Streptococcus strains

📍 Symptoms
⚠️ Affected infants may show:
• Temperature instability (fever or hypothermia)
• Breathing difficulties
• Weak sucking reflex
• Low blood sugar levels
• Decreased activity or movement
• Diarrhoea or reduced bowel movements
• Abnormal heart rate (too slow/too fast)
• Seizures
• Abdominal swelling, vomiting, and jaundice

📍 Types of Neonatal Sepsis
1️⃣ Early-Onset Sepsis (EOS):
• Occurs within the first 72 hours of life (sometimes up to 7 days).
• Usually acquired from the mother during delivery.
2️⃣ Late-Onset Sepsis (LOS):
• Occurs after 72 hours of birth.
• Typically results from postnatal environmental exposure.

📍 Public Health Significance
✅ Neonatal sepsis remains a preventable cause of mortality.
✅ Timely detection, aseptic delivery practices, and early antibiotic intervention are key to reducing deaths.

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🔆Gulf of Eilat:
✅It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
✅The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west. 
✅It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. 
✅It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
✅The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
✅It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
✅It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
✅Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan).