Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
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🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
✅Gs-3 : Disaster management- Case study- Himachal Pradesh
✅Gs -1 : Geography- Impact of climate change on climate
🅾️ How spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is changing with climate change- click here
🅾️What are Cloudbursts?- Click here
🔰What do you need to fix this problem?- 4C–2D–1R
⚜️C1: Climate Risk Mapping
⚜️C2: Capacity at local level
⚜️C3: Coordination between depts
⚜️C4: Communication clarity
⚜️D1: Decentralized Implementation
⚜️D2: Disaster Anticipation Systems
⚜️R: Resilient Infrastructure Redesign
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✅Gs -1 : Geography- Impact of climate change on climate
🅾️ How spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is changing with climate change- click here
🅾️What are Cloudbursts?- Click here
🔰What do you need to fix this problem?- 4C–2D–1R
⚜️C1: Climate Risk Mapping
⚜️C2: Capacity at local level
⚜️C3: Coordination between depts
⚜️C4: Communication clarity
⚜️D1: Decentralized Implementation
⚜️D2: Disaster Anticipation Systems
⚜️R: Resilient Infrastructure Redesign
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#Economy
✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
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✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
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✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments- click here
PM DHANYA KRISHI YOJANA Game Changer for Farmers || UPSC Gs-3
https://youtu.be/8P0fCaXG8WA
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments- click here
PM DHANYA KRISHI YOJANA Game Changer for Farmers || UPSC Gs-3
https://youtu.be/8P0fCaXG8WA
Telegram
VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it…
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it…
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive Growth- Inequality- A very important article
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality- Click here
🅾️ MUST READ- This is a timeless article- For all stages of the exam!- What is middle income trap?
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality- Click here
🅾️ MUST READ- This is a timeless article- For all stages of the exam!- What is middle income trap?
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Presidential Reference- Click here
⚠️Watch this Video : https://youtu.be/r5A4K3blrQQ
🅾️What are the legal and constitutional limitations of a Presidential Reference (Article 143)?
⚜️SC can only answer questions framed by the President.Cannot expand scope or deal with unrelated matters.
⚜️In the Cauvery Tribunal Reference, SC said Article 143 cannot be used to seek a review of settled judicial decisions.Only options: Review or Curative Petition (Articles 137 & 142).A Presidential Reference is an advisory tool, not a judicial hammer. It cannot overturn judgments, though its moral force may shape executive action or future judicial reasoning.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️Watch this Video : https://youtu.be/r5A4K3blrQQ
🅾️What are the legal and constitutional limitations of a Presidential Reference (Article 143)?
⚜️SC can only answer questions framed by the President.Cannot expand scope or deal with unrelated matters.
⚜️In the Cauvery Tribunal Reference, SC said Article 143 cannot be used to seek a review of settled judicial decisions.Only options: Review or Curative Petition (Articles 137 & 142).A Presidential Reference is an advisory tool, not a judicial hammer. It cannot overturn judgments, though its moral force may shape executive action or future judicial reasoning.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs- 2- Govt.policies- Swach bharat mission
🅾️Old casestudy- peddapalli-cleanest dist- Click here
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Impact of caste on the aspect of sanitation- Click here
🔰Swachh Survekshan (2024-25) under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban- Imp takeaways :
1. Cleanliness is now more democratised and not confined to major metros- through Super Swachh League
2. Read about the Innovations driving improvement- Decentralised waste segregation models like Indore
⚜️Bottom- up principle of Kerala-Campaign Vruthi - Click here
⚜️Indore → Segregates into 6 categories of waste; earns revenue via sewage reuse.
⚜️Pune → Cooperatives of waste pickers for inclusive management.
⚜️Lucknow → Power from waste incineration.
⚜️Agra → Converted a toxic dump site into a green zone
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@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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🅾️Old casestudy- peddapalli-cleanest dist- Click here
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Impact of caste on the aspect of sanitation- Click here
🔰Swachh Survekshan (2024-25) under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban- Imp takeaways :
1. Cleanliness is now more democratised and not confined to major metros- through Super Swachh League
2. Read about the Innovations driving improvement- Decentralised waste segregation models like Indore
⚜️Bottom- up principle of Kerala-Campaign Vruthi - Click here
⚜️Indore → Segregates into 6 categories of waste; earns revenue via sewage reuse.
⚜️Pune → Cooperatives of waste pickers for inclusive management.
⚜️Lucknow → Power from waste incineration.
⚜️Agra → Converted a toxic dump site into a green zone
🎖Join
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@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- India- UK FTA
🅾️'India-U.K. Vision 2035' framework : India and the United Kingdom signed a Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (FTA) on July 24, 2025.
🅾️Farmer & MSME Benefits: Indian farmers and MSMEs gain better export opportunities to the UK with reduced tariffs and improved market access.
🅾️Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): A parallel agreement ensures employees working across borders aren't doubly taxed for up to three years in one country at a time.
🅾️Public Health Concerns : easier entry of unhealthy foods (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt – HFSS) into India-Just like in NAFTA- deal Mexico saw a spike in HFSS consumption and health problems due to lack of public health safeguards. India relies on industry self-regulation for advertising (e.g., misleading food ads targeting children). Existing laws are weak, leading to ineffective health protection.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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🅾️'India-U.K. Vision 2035' framework : India and the United Kingdom signed a Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (FTA) on July 24, 2025.
🅾️Farmer & MSME Benefits: Indian farmers and MSMEs gain better export opportunities to the UK with reduced tariffs and improved market access.
🅾️Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): A parallel agreement ensures employees working across borders aren't doubly taxed for up to three years in one country at a time.
🅾️Public Health Concerns : easier entry of unhealthy foods (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt – HFSS) into India-Just like in NAFTA- deal Mexico saw a spike in HFSS consumption and health problems due to lack of public health safeguards. India relies on industry self-regulation for advertising (e.g., misleading food ads targeting children). Existing laws are weak, leading to ineffective health protection.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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✅Gs-2 : RPA- Powers of Election Commission
🅾️How is electoral roll revision supposed to happen?-Four permissible triggers (Rule 5, Registration of Electors Rules, 1960)?- Click here
🅾️Issue : Constitutional mandate (Art. 324, 326) → Representation of People Act, 1950 → Citizenship vs. Residence distinction → Vulnerability of migrant populations → Documentary requirements and exclusion risk → Judicial oversight/SC directions → Political and administrative roles and checks
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️How is electoral roll revision supposed to happen?-Four permissible triggers (Rule 5, Registration of Electors Rules, 1960)?- Click here
🅾️Issue : Constitutional mandate (Art. 324, 326) → Representation of People Act, 1950 → Citizenship vs. Residence distinction → Vulnerability of migrant populations → Documentary requirements and exclusion risk → Judicial oversight/SC directions → Political and administrative roles and checks
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology-Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology- MS Swaminathan
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Bengal famine as an event- shaped the attitude of MS swaminathan
🅾️ Swaminathan flagged mangroves’ role in climate change mitigation (Tokyo Human Response Conference).Rise in sea level → soil salinisation → loss of productivity=Cyclone rise → coastal damage
🅾️Swaminathan proposed: Salt-tolerant crop research+ Integrated mangrove management-1990, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) founded.1992: GLOMIS created (Global Mangrove Database) → tracks species, experts, conservation research.
⚠️ FOR PRELIMS : Fishbone method =mangrove restoration technique (NOT fish farming)
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Bengal famine as an event- shaped the attitude of MS swaminathan
🅾️ Swaminathan flagged mangroves’ role in climate change mitigation (Tokyo Human Response Conference).Rise in sea level → soil salinisation → loss of productivity=Cyclone rise → coastal damage
🅾️Swaminathan proposed: Salt-tolerant crop research+ Integrated mangrove management-1990, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) founded.1992: GLOMIS created (Global Mangrove Database) → tracks species, experts, conservation research.
⚠️ FOR PRELIMS : Fishbone method =
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : IR- India's National Security Strategy- India-Pakistan Relations- Click here
🅾️Shift in approach - Doctrine of proactive retaliation: “Surgical strikes” (2016), Balakot (2019)
🅾️Also watch this- Air defense systems- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URkoBVUlplY
⚠️Takeaway : Pahalgam is to counter-terror ops what Kargil was to conventional warfare. It marks a shift in how India retaliates to asymmetric threats.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️Shift in approach - Doctrine of proactive retaliation: “Surgical strikes” (2016), Balakot (2019)
🅾️Also watch this- Air defense systems- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URkoBVUlplY
⚠️Takeaway : Pahalgam is to counter-terror ops what Kargil was to conventional warfare. It marks a shift in how India retaliates to asymmetric threats.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
#Disaster
✅GS1- Geography
✅GS3- Disaster management
🔴What is a Glacial lake and what is a Glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF)? Why are they increasing- GLOF = Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Sudden release of water from glacial lakes, typically due to dam (moraine/ice) failure.- Click here
🅾️River most impacted: Bhote Koshi River (major transboundary river flowing into Nepal).
⚠️n 2023, India finalised its 1stnational GLOF mitigation programme
🅾️Tech measures
1. Automatic Weather Stations (AWS): Installed in Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
2. Early warning systems (EWS) being piloted.
3. Real-time water discharge sensors installed.
4. Landslide-prone areas mapped for prioritisation.
🌟Pilot projects: Artificial draining of lakes, risk modelling, glacier-lake volume studies.
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✅GS1- Geography
✅GS3- Disaster management
🔴What is a Glacial lake and what is a Glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF)? Why are they increasing- GLOF = Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Sudden release of water from glacial lakes, typically due to dam (moraine/ice) failure.- Click here
🅾️River most impacted: Bhote Koshi River (major transboundary river flowing into Nepal).
⚠️n 2023, India finalised its 1st
🅾️Tech measures
1. Automatic Weather Stations (AWS): Installed in Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
2. Early warning systems (EWS) being piloted.
3. Real-time water discharge sensors installed.
4. Landslide-prone areas mapped for prioritisation.
🌟Pilot projects: Artificial draining of lakes, risk modelling, glacier-lake volume studies.
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news seggregated at one place
🎖Join
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
✅Gs-1 : Geography
🅾️Watershed management and Rain water harvesting are two nature based solutions for the problem of water conservation and insurance against flash floods- Case study : Ramrawas Kalan model- x Click here
🅾️Flash floods are sudden floods due to heavy rain or GLOFs->Kill >5000 people/year in India-> Damage to infrastructure, farmlands, ecosystems-> Events rose from 132 (2020) → 184 (2022) — trend of intensification.
⚜️If soil is already wet → less infiltration → rapid runoff → flash flood. Climate Change Link
Each +1°C → +7% atmospheric moisture → more rain. Flash flood events doubled between 1981–2020. Monsoon (June–Sep) = 75% of all flash floods. Pre- & post-monsoon rainfall intensity ↑ 56% and 40%.
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🅾️Watershed management and Rain water harvesting are two nature based solutions for the problem of water conservation and insurance against flash floods- Case study : Ramrawas Kalan model- x Click here
🅾️Flash floods are sudden floods due to heavy rain or GLOFs->Kill >5000 people/year in India-> Damage to infrastructure, farmlands, ecosystems-> Events rose from 132 (2020) → 184 (2022) — trend of intensification.
⚜️If soil is already wet → less infiltration → rapid runoff → flash flood. Climate Change Link
Each +1°C → +7% atmospheric moisture → more rain. Flash flood events doubled between 1981–2020. Monsoon (June–Sep) = 75% of all flash floods. Pre- & post-monsoon rainfall intensity ↑ 56% and 40%.
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news seggregated at one place
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Space- NISAR
🅾️What are Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR)?
🅾️SARs use microwaves (not visible light) → work in all weather, day-night. They create high-resolution images using signal reflections (from terrain, ice, soil, forests, etc.). Advantage over optical satellites → penetration through clouds, vegetation, even ice or sand.
🅾️How do L-band and S-band radars differ?- Combining both allows multi-layered Earth observation — top surface + subsurface + vegetation.
🅾️Significance for India/ISRO- First satellite with dual-band SAR — unmatched Earth observation capability.
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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🅾️What are Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR)?
🅾️SARs use microwaves (not visible light) → work in all weather, day-night. They create high-resolution images using signal reflections (from terrain, ice, soil, forests, etc.). Advantage over optical satellites → penetration through clouds, vegetation, even ice or sand.
🅾️How do L-band and S-band radars differ?- Combining both allows multi-layered Earth observation — top surface + subsurface + vegetation.
🅾️Significance for India/ISRO- First satellite with dual-band SAR — unmatched Earth observation capability.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- EXTREMELY INSIGHTFUL ARTICLE- especially for mains
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Digital Infrastructure
🅾️Context :Digital India- Through quality products that has least human interface and maximum responsiveness- How?- Click here
⚠️India's unique Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)—spanning Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker—has transformed citizen services, but its application to businesses remains limited. Why?- Because of government regulation- life is tough for entrepreneurs.
🅾️It can it can be a source of power and leverage in Diplomacy - Click here
✅What do we need to make this work?
⚜️1. Shift from a “prohibited until permitted” mindset to trust-based systems. States can push this reform as a non-fiscal lever to attract investment.
⚜️2. Narrow jail provisions to five criteria (e.g., physical harm, fraud).
🌟 Note :Learn about National Employer Compliance Grid (NECG)
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Digital Infrastructure
🅾️Context :Digital India- Through quality products that has least human interface and maximum responsiveness- How?- Click here
⚠️India's unique Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)—spanning Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker—has transformed citizen services, but its application to businesses remains limited. Why?- Because of government regulation- life is tough for entrepreneurs.
🅾️It can it can be a source of power and leverage in Diplomacy - Click here
✅What do we need to make this work?
⚜️1. Shift from a “prohibited until permitted” mindset to trust-based systems. States can push this reform as a non-fiscal lever to attract investment.
⚜️2. Narrow jail provisions to five criteria (e.g., physical harm, fraud).
🌟 Note :
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS- UPSC Environment by Vikas kanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Conservation of species- Mangroves
🅾️Blue Carbon = Carbon captured by coastal/marine ecosystems-Mangroves = Both carbon sink and storm buffer.
🅾️India’s largest mangrove → Sundarbans (UNESCO WHS).
🅾️MISHTI = Announced in Budget 2023-24 → aligns with LiFE mission- Click here
⚠️Process to restore:
⚜️1.Site selection – via GIS, community mapping.
⚜️2.Hydrology restoration – e.g., reopening blocked creeks.
⚜️3.Planting native species – Rhizophora, Avicennia.
⚜️4.Community-led nursery management
⚜️5. Monitoring & adaptive feedback
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Blue Carbon = Carbon captured by coastal/marine ecosystems-Mangroves = Both carbon sink and storm buffer.
🅾️India’s largest mangrove → Sundarbans (UNESCO WHS).
🅾️MISHTI = Announced in Budget 2023-24 → aligns with LiFE mission- Click here
⚠️Process to restore:
⚜️1.Site selection – via GIS, community mapping.
⚜️2.Hydrology restoration – e.g., reopening blocked creeks.
⚜️3.Planting native species – Rhizophora, Avicennia.
⚜️4.Community-led nursery management
⚜️5. Monitoring & adaptive feedback
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Budgeting - Federalism
🅾️ Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability- Click here
🅾️Widening Fiscal Deficit of States- Primarily driven by revenue deficit, not capital expenditure. Indicates states are borrowing to fund non-productive expenditures, limiting future growth.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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🅾️ Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability- Click here
🅾️Widening Fiscal Deficit of States- Primarily driven by revenue deficit, not capital expenditure. Indicates states are borrowing to fund non-productive expenditures, limiting future growth.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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