✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Tariff impact on Agriculture
🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
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🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Criminal Justice system- Art 21- SC guidelines on DNA analysis
🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
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🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs 2 : Judiciary- as a protector of constitutional rights-Waqf act amendment- Sc judgements
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✅Gs-2 : Criminal Justice system- Bail law reform - Already discussed- click here
🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
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🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Health
✅Gs-2 : Health- Mental Health
🅾️Context : Supreme Court judgment in Sukdeb Saha vs State of Andhra PradeshCase: Father of NEET aspirant (17-year-old) who died by suicide alleged state failure to prevent harm due to neglect of mental health in coaching centres.
⚠️ Tragedy of suicides often treated as personal failure, not systemic failure.Court shifted framing → from individual weakness → to structural injustice.
🌟Court’s Reasoning=Applied victimology: Victims of suicide not just “individuals failing” but also victims of systemic neglect.
🔰Structural Violence Theory (Johan Galtung):Systemic harm caused by social structures = as destructive as direct violence.E.g., denial of supportive environment = structural violence.
🌟Introduced “Saha Guidelines”
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✅Gs-2 : Health- Mental Health
🅾️Context : Supreme Court judgment in Sukdeb Saha vs State of Andhra PradeshCase: Father of NEET aspirant (17-year-old) who died by suicide alleged state failure to prevent harm due to neglect of mental health in coaching centres.
⚠️ Tragedy of suicides often treated as personal failure, not systemic failure.Court shifted framing → from individual weakness → to structural injustice.
🌟Court’s Reasoning=Applied victimology: Victims of suicide not just “individuals failing” but also victims of systemic neglect.
🔰Structural Violence Theory (Johan Galtung):Systemic harm caused by social structures = as destructive as direct violence.E.g., denial of supportive environment = structural violence.
🌟Introduced “Saha Guidelines”
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Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
#Geography #Placesinnews
✅scarborough shoal
🅾️Conflicted region in south china sea- It is a triangular atoll, located 200 km from the Philippines coast, and within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS(1982).
🔰Other places of south china sea in news
⚜️1. Gulf of Tonkin- Click here
⚜️2. Paracel Islands- Click here
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✅scarborough shoal
🅾️Conflicted region in south china sea- It is a triangular atoll, located 200 km from the Philippines coast, and within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS(1982).
🔰Other places of south china sea in news
⚜️1. Gulf of Tonkin- Click here
⚜️2. Paracel Islands- Click here
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-- Basics for UPSC Prelims
https://youtu.be/1HwVa-7Mtwk
https://youtu.be/1HwVa-7Mtwk
YouTube
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-- Basics for UPSC Prelims
Https://www.tg-me.com/hinduhighlights
This is a video from the mentorship batch- released here for public usage.
This is a video from the mentorship batch- released here for public usage.
✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- Women
➡️A Multi pronged approach to end Gender violence- Click here
⚜️Issue of Dowry- Click here
➡️Issue- Fake Dowry case allegations.So the debate shifted: how to protect women without ruining innocent families?
🔰Courts tried to create balance through these cases:
⚜️In Lalita Kumari, SC allowed a preliminary inquiry before FIR in matrimonial cases.
⚜️In Arnesh Kumar (2014), SC said: no automatic arrest; police must follow a checklist and issue a notice.
⚜️In Satender Kumar Antil (2022), SC reinforced: bail should not be denied if police ignore those safeguards.
⚜️Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (2025): Every 498A FIR must go through a two-month “cooling period.”The complaint should be referred to a Family Welfare Committee (FWC).
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➡️A Multi pronged approach to end Gender violence- Click here
⚜️Issue of Dowry- Click here
➡️Issue- Fake Dowry case allegations.So the debate shifted: how to protect women without ruining innocent families?
🔰Courts tried to create balance through these cases:
⚜️In Lalita Kumari, SC allowed a preliminary inquiry before FIR in matrimonial cases.
⚜️In Arnesh Kumar (2014), SC said: no automatic arrest; police must follow a checklist and issue a notice.
⚜️In Satender Kumar Antil (2022), SC reinforced: bail should not be denied if police ignore those safeguards.
⚜️Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (2025): Every 498A FIR must go through a two-month “cooling period.”The complaint should be referred to a Family Welfare Committee (FWC).
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Defence
🅾️Context : Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️Background : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
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🅾️Context : Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️Background : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
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VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
https://youtu.be/wQALA-X0X_E?feature=shared
These kind of articles are rare to find- so please do watch them- I tried to simplify this context that i Explained in this article- https://www.tg-me.com/hinduhighlights/14240
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Air Pollution
🅾️Background of the issue- Click here
🅾️Problem= Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)-It has failed to act independently due to political pressures and lack of enforcement-CAQM banned sale of old diesel/petrol vehicles in NCR starting July 1, but after political protests, implementation was postponed to November.
🅾️The harvest-to-sowing window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing is only 15–20 days in Punjab and Haryana. Pusa decomposer needs 20–25 days under ideal conditions to fully break down stubble.
🅾️The decomposer works best in warm, moist conditions. October–November brings cooler, drier weather, slowing down microbial activity.Farmers already under debt pressure prefer the zero-cost burning method unless subsidies are guaranteed and timely.
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🅾️Background of the issue- Click here
🅾️Problem= Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)-It has failed to act independently due to political pressures and lack of enforcement-CAQM banned sale of old diesel/petrol vehicles in NCR starting July 1, but after political protests, implementation was postponed to November.
🅾️The harvest-to-sowing window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing is only 15–20 days in Punjab and Haryana. Pusa decomposer needs 20–25 days under ideal conditions to fully break down stubble.
🅾️The decomposer works best in warm, moist conditions. October–November brings cooler, drier weather, slowing down microbial activity.Farmers already under debt pressure prefer the zero-cost burning method unless subsidies are guaranteed and timely.
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✅Gs-2 : Health- Status of SDG3
⚠️India's progress on SDG 3 is uneven and fragile.
⚜️For sustainable gains:
⚜️Embed health education in schools.
⚜️Universalize primary health coverage.
⚜️Build resilience against pandemics and systemic shocks.
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⚠️India's progress on SDG 3 is uneven and fragile.
⚜️For sustainable gains:
⚜️Embed health education in schools.
⚜️Universalize primary health coverage.
⚜️Build resilience against pandemics and systemic shocks.
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✅Gs-3: Science and tech- Accessibility to scientific literature
🅾️India has the fourth-highest number of PhD graduates globally. Yet most Indian students face severe resource constraints: stipends are low, journal subscriptions are costly. Recent Delhi High Court order (blocking Sci-Hub, Libgen) reignited debate on the academic paywall problem.
⚠️Need- Strengthen open access policies: E.g., DST’s mandate that publicly funded research must be freely accessible.
🅾️Also read- - National science , Technology and Innovation policy-STIP
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🅾️India has the fourth-highest number of PhD graduates globally. Yet most Indian students face severe resource constraints: stipends are low, journal subscriptions are costly. Recent Delhi High Court order (blocking Sci-Hub, Libgen) reignited debate on the academic paywall problem.
⚠️Need- Strengthen open access policies: E.g., DST’s mandate that publicly funded research must be freely accessible.
🅾️Also read- - National science , Technology and Innovation policy-STIP
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology
🅾️Normal PC = single CPU + maybe GPU.
⚜️Supercomputer = thousands of processors (CPUs & GPUs) working in parallel computing mode.ndia’s PARAM supercomputers reflect not just technological advancement but also strategic autonomy born out of sanctions-era adversity
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🅾️Normal PC = single CPU + maybe GPU.
⚜️Supercomputer = thousands of processors (CPUs & GPUs) working in parallel computing mode.ndia’s PARAM supercomputers reflect not just technological advancement but also strategic autonomy born out of sanctions-era adversity
🎖Join
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