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Spider angiomata:
-A telangiectasia characterized by a vascular arcade branching out from a central arteriolar point.
-Spider angiomas can arise during childhood or pregnancy as well as in patients with liver disease or thyrotoxicosis
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Classic triad of the hemochromatosis is : 1-cirrhosis.
2-secondary diabetes mellitus.
3-bronze skin
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-Prussian blue stain
-Multiple hemosiderin deposits are visible within the hepatocytes.
-This is the typical appearance of siderosis in hemochromatosis.
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-H&E stain
-Deposits of coarse granular brown pigment are visible within the hepatocytes (examples indicated by blue circles).
- Further deposits also appear in portal tract macrophages (examples indicated by yellow circles).

-These deposits stained positive with the iron stain (prussian blue stain; not shown here), which leads to the diagnosis of hemochromatosis.
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-A brown ring is visible in the periphery of the cornea (Kayser-Fleischer ring; green overlay).

-Kayser-Fleischer rings are typically seen in Wilson disease.
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Horseshoe kidney :
-conjoined kidneys usually connected at lower pole.
-most common congenital renal anomaly.
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-Dysplastic Kidney :
noninherited, congenital malformation of the renal parenchyma characterized by cyst and abnormal tissue .
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Polycystic kidney disease
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Autosomal Dominant polycystic kidney disease presents in young adults as :
- hypertension (due to increased renin)
-hematuria. -worsening renal failure .
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Acute interstitial nephritis
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Acute tubular necrosis
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-Causes of renal papillary necrosis :
1-chronic analgesic abuse
2-Diabetes mellitus
3-Sickle cell trait or disease
4-Sever acute pyelonephritis
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Normal glomeruli on H&E stain
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Effacement of foot processes on electron microscopy in minimal change disease.
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
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-Thick glomerular basement membrane on H&E stain.
-It indicate to Membranous nephropathy .
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-Kimmelstiel-wilson nodules. -It indicate to diabetic nephropathy.
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2025/10/24 12:36:03
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