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Forwarded from internal medicine
In Gaza palastine ...
He and his brother went to get a bag of flour and then returned carrying his dead brother
๐Ÿ’”๐Ÿ’”๐Ÿฅบ๐Ÿ˜ญ
https://www.tg-me.com/calciuminfection
ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุจุงุทู†ุจูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุฌู…ูŠุนุงุช ู…ู…ุชุงุฒุฉ
ุฑู…ุถุงู† ูƒุฑูŠู…
ูˆูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ุจุฎูŠุฑ ๐ŸŒ˜
Audio
ุฃูˆุนู‰ ุชู‡ุฒู… ู†ูุณูƒ
ุฏ / ุนู„ูŠ ุญุณูŠุจ
Oxygen Transport soon ...
Oxygen transport
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู‡ูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู†:
ุงู…ุง ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงูˆ ู…ุฐุงุจ
๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš• ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† โœ“ุŸ
Hemoglobin or haemoglobin
ู…ู‡ู… ุชุนุฑู ุนู†ู‡ ูƒูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูˆุญุชู‰ ุจุงุทู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃุทูุงู„ ุฏู…
๐Ÿ‘ˆ ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ hemoglobin ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ 4 subunits
๐Ÿ‘‰composed of a heme moiety with a central iron ion and four subunits of globin.
๐Ÿ‘ˆ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ ferrous state ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ Feยฒ(Fe2+
which binds O2
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูŠุชุญุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ferric state ู…ุงูŠุชุญุฏ ู…ุนุงู‡ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆูŠู†ุชุฌ ุญุงู„ู‡ ู…ุฑุถูŠู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ ....ุญู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุŸ
๐Ÿ‘‰Two of the subunits have ฮฑ chains and Two ฮฒ chains.
ูˆู„ุงุฒู… ุชุญูุธ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ู‡ ุฌูŠุฏุง
ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠู…ุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ฮฑ2ฮฒ2.
ูŠุนู†ูŠ two alpha and Two Beta
ู„ูˆ ุงุฎุชู„ ูˆูƒุงู† ูˆุญุฏุชูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฌุงู…ุง ุงูˆ ุดูŠุก ุงุฎุฑ ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุฑุถ ...ุงูˆูƒู‡
๐Ÿค” ู‚ู„ุช ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† ุงูˆ ูŠุณู…ู‰ adult Hb ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงุฎุฑ Fetal hemoglobin ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† adult Hb ุงูŠุด ุŸ
ุฃูˆู„ุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ fetal period ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทูู„ ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุณุชุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
ุซุงู†ูŠุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ููŠู‡
Two alpha and Two ฮณ2 chain
Gamma chain ฮฑ2ฮณ2.

๐Ÿค”ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู„ ูŠูุฑู‚ ุงู†ู‡ ุงุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจุŸ
ุงูŠู‡ ุชูุฑู‚ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ...ุงู„ O2 affinity ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ู„ู‡ HbF
ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ O2 affinity to Hb adult
๐Ÿค” ุงูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ affinity to oxygen ?
ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุฌุฐุจ ูˆุงุญุชูุงุธ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุจุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† .... ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠ"HbF" ูˆู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† HbA"ู…ูŠู† ู„ู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูŠุฌุฐุจ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠ ....
ุณุจุญุงู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚
ู†ุญู† ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุทูู„ ููŠ ุจุทู† ุฃู…ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ hypoxia ... ุนุดุงู† ุงู„circulation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ู…ุงุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† .... ูˆุนุดุงู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃู… ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† ...ูุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู… ู„ุทูู„ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุด ุŸ
ู„ุฃู† O2 affinity ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ููŠ HbF ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุทูู„ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† HbA ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฃู… ...
๐Ÿค” ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† HbF ููŠ ุงู„ Curve ุฑุงุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† left shift
๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš• ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ..
๐Ÿง‘โ€โš• ุทูŠุจ ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ูู‚ุท ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ HbF ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Two ุฌุงู…ุง ูˆ2 ุฃู„ูุง ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ HbA ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ 2 ุฃู„ูุง ู„ูƒู† ุจุฏู„ ุฌุงู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุจูŠุชุง ... ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจุณ ู‡ูŠ ุฌุงู…ุง ุจุฏู„ ุจูŠุชุง ... ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุงุณุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู†ู‡ HbF ุณุจุจ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ affinity ุญู‚ู‡ ู„ู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฌุงู…ุง
๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš• ุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู‡ูŠ gamma chain
ูˆุงูุณุฑ ู„ูƒ ุงูŠุงู‡ุง ู„ูŠุด ุฌุงู…ุง ุฒูˆุฏุช ุงู„ affinity ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ู„ู„ุชุดูˆูŠู‚๐Ÿ˜…
ุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠููŠุฏูƒู…
ูˆู„ุงุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุตุงู„ุญ ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู…
ูˆูู‚ูƒู… ุงู„ู„ู‡

www.tg-me.com/physiology_yaqob
๐Ÿง‘โ€โš•Why HbF Higher affinity to O2 than HbA ?
๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš•Because of Gamma chain
๐Ÿง‘โ€โš•Why Gamma chain make HbF Higher affinity to oxygen ?
๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš• ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูุงู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู„ูŠู‡ ุฌุงู…ุง ุชุฌุนู„ HbF ุงูƒุซุฑ affinity ู„ู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ....
ู„ุงุฒู… ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุงูู‡ู…ูƒ ุนู† ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ุฏุฑุณุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ glycolysis ุฅุณู…ู‡
2,3diphosphoglycerate
ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑุงู‹ 2,3DPG
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ู„ู…ุง ูŠู†ุชุฌ ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุชุง ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุฌูŠุฏ ... ูˆูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„affinity to oxygen
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ RBC ุชุนู…ู„ ู„ู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† unloading ....ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง DPG ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ affinity to oxygen
ูˆูู‡ู…ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุจ Beta ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุฌูŠุฏ
..ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุง ูุฅู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท 2,3DPG ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุถุนูŠู ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฏุงู… ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุถุนูŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุง ุฑุงุญ ุชุถู„ ู…ุฑุชุจุทู‡ ุจุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
ุงุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ ู„ูƒู…
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Final Results
95%
Yes
5%
No
Summary for members don't understand Arabic language
Hemoglobin
1. Characteristicsโ€”globular protein of four subunits
โ–  Each subunit contains a heme moiety, which is iron-containing porphyrin.
โ–  The iron is in the ferrous state (Fe2+), which binds O2.
โ–  Each subunit has a polypeptide chain. Two of the subunits have ฮฑ chains and two of the
subunits have ฮฒ chains; thus, normal adult hemoglobin is called ฮฑ2ฮฒ2.
2. Fetal hemoglobin [hemoglobin F (HbF)]
โ–  In fetal hemoglobin, the b chains are replaced by g chains; thus, fetal hemoglobin is called
ฮฑ2ฮณ2.
โ–  The O2 affinity of fetal hemoglobin is higher than the O2 affinity of adult hemoglobin
(left-shift) because 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binds less avidly to the ฮณ chains of fetal hemoglobin than to the ฮฒ chains of adult hemoglobin.
โ–  Because the O2 affinity of fetal hemoglobin is higher than the O2 affinity of adult hemo-
globin, O2 movement from mother to fetus is facilitated .
3. Methemoglobin
โ–  Iron is in the Fe3 +
state.
โ–  does not bind O2.
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โœˆ๏ธุนูŠุฏ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒ ูˆูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ุจุฎูŠุฑ ูˆูŠู†ุนุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู†ุญู† ุจุฎูŠุฑ ...ุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู†ุง ูˆู…ู†ูƒู… ุดู‡ุฑ ุฑู…ุถุงู†
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Physiology pinned ยซโœˆ๏ธุนูŠุฏ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒ ูˆูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ุจุฎูŠุฑ ูˆูŠู†ุนุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู†ุญู† ุจุฎูŠุฑ ...ุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู†ุง ูˆู…ู†ูƒู… ุดู‡ุฑ ุฑู…ุถุงู†ยป
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠู†ูุนู†ุงุŒ ูˆุงู†ูุนู†ุง ุจู…ุง ุนู„ู…ุชู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฒุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู…ุง "ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽูƒูŽ ู„ุง ุนูู„ู’ู…ูŽ ู„ูŽู†ูŽุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‘ุง ู…ูŽุง ุนูŽู„ูŽู‘ู…ู’ุชูŽู†ูŽุง ุฅูู†ูŽู‘ูƒูŽ ุฃูŽู†ู’ุชูŽ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽู„ููŠู…ู ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูƒููŠู…ู".
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2025/06/29 17:30:26
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