❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. busted : Based on the auxiliary verb “have been”, lack of subject and the absence of the main verb in this sentence, it is obvious to us that the voice of the sentence is passive. In the Present Perfect tense we make passive verb forms by putting have/has + been before the past participle form of the verb. Based on the structure and the meaning, “busted” is the right answer.
2. require : The sentence lacks a main verb and based on the subject-verb agreement principles, “beliefs” as the plural subject of the sentence demands a plural verb. Based on the subject-verb agreement principles and the meaning, “require” is the right answer.
3. camouflage : The sentence lacks an object and “through” as a preposition in this sentence is followed by a noun which is the object in the sentence. Based on the meaning, “camouflage” is the right noun.
4. catastrophic : attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “event” as noun is preceded and described by an adjective “catastrophic”. Based on the meaning, “catastrophic” is the right adjective.
5. overwhelm : The word “can” is a modal verb and modal verbs cannot be used on their own. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. Based on the meaning, “overwhelm” is the right verb.

❇️تحلیل»

1. براساس فعل کمکی (auxiliary verb) “have been”، فقدان فاعل و عدم وجود فعل اصلی در این جمله، بدیهی است که این یک جمله passive است. در زمان present perfect ساختار passive با قرار دادن have/has + been قبل از past participle (شکل سوم فعل) ساخته می شود. براساس ساختار و معنا، واژه “busted” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
2. جمله فاقد فعل اصلی می باشد و واژه “beliefs” به عنوان فاعل جمع نیازمند یک فعل جمع است. براساس اصول توافق شده فاعل-فعل و معنا، “require” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
3. جمله فاقد مفعول می باشد و واژه “through” که در اینجا به عنوان حرف اضافه (preposition) استفاده شده است با یک اسم (noun) ادامه یافته که مفعول جمله می باشد. براساس معنا، اسم صحیح “camouflage” می باشد.
4. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “event” به عنوان اسم (noun) در ادامه یک صفت که “catastrophic” می باشد آمده و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “catastrophic” می باشد.
5. واژه “can” یک modal verb است و آنها نمی توانند به تنهایی استفاده شوند. بعد از یک modal verb، بطورکلی شکل اصلی فعل استفاده می شود. براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “overwhelm” می باشد.

#RFIB_Analysis_New192

The Harappan of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago, but a thousand years later their cities were …...1…….. The Harappan Civilization was a …...2……. Bronze Age society who built ‘megacities’ and traded internationally in luxury craft products, and yet seemed to have left almost no …...3……. of themselves. But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were …...4……. and painting representations of themselves all over their temples – is only part of the mystery. ‘There is plenty of …...5……. evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilization, but relatively little about its fall,’ explains Dr Cameron Petrie of the University of Cambridge.
a) distinguishes b) abandoned c) carving d) archaeological e) Knavishly f) depictions g) sophisticated

#RFIB_New170

✅Answers:

1. abandoned (v.) : To leave a place, thing, or person, usually forever.رها کردن – ترک گفتن
2. sophisticated (adj.) : having, revealing, or involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge of fashion and cultur . در سطح بالا
3. depictions (n.) : the way that something is represented or shown. نمایش – ترسیم - نگارش
4. carving (v.) : to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
5. archaeological (adj.) : the study of the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects that belonged to people who lived in the past, in order to learn about their culture and society. باستان شناسی

#RFIB_Answer_New170

❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. abandoned : The subject of the sentence is unknown and it is concluded that the sentence has a passive voice. The past simple passive is formed by using 'was' or 'were' plus the past participle. Based on the meaning and the tense “abandoned” is the right answer.
2. sophisticated : attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The phrase “Bronze Age society” as compound noun is preceded and described by an adjective “sophisticated”. Based on the meaning and the article “a”, “sophisticated” is the right adjective.
3. depictions : After the word “no” and before the preposition “of” a noun is used and based on the meaning of the word “depictions”, it is the right noun.
4. carving : A coordinating conjunction such as “and” is a word that joins two elements of equal grammatical rank and syntactic importance and therefore they can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. Since “painting” is a verb, the word that precedes the conjunction “and” is also a verb of similar grammatical form. Based on the meaning the right verb is “carving”.
5. archaeological : attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “evidence” as noun is preceded and described by an adjective “archaeological”. Based on the meaning, “archaeological” is the right adjective.

❇️تحلیل»

1. فاعل جمله نامشخص است و در نتیجه جمله مجهول است. ساختار past simple passive بااستفاده از was/were به اضافه past participle تشکیل می شود. براساس معنا، پاسخ صحیح “abandoned” می باشد.
2. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. عبارت “Bronze Age society” به عنوان اسم مرکب (compound noun) در ادامه یک صفت که “sophisticated” می باشد آمده و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا و حرف تعریف “a”، صفت صحیح “sophisticated” می باشد
3. بعد از واژه “no” و قبل از حرف اضافه “of” از یک اسم (noun) استفاده شده است. بر اساس معنای لغت “depictions” پاسخ صحیح است.
4. حرف ربط همپایه (coordinating conjunction) مانند ‘and’ کلمه ای است که دو عنصر از درجه دستوری برابر و اهمیت نحوی را پیوند می زند و بنابراین می توانند دو فعل، دو اسم، دو صفت، دو عبارت یا دو بند را بهم متصل کنند. از آنجایی که “painting” یک فعل است، کلمه ای که در قبل از حرف ربط همپایه (conjunction) ‘and’ آمده است نیز فعل با ساختار گرامری یکسان می باشد. براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “carving” می باشد.
5. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “evidence” به عنوان اسم (noun) در ادامه یک صفت که “archaeological” می باشد آمده و توسط اش توصیف شده است. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “archaeological” می باشد.

#RFIB_Analysis_New170

There were signs of these …...1……. from the start. Bartz has recently shown that in almost half of the existing research results, oxytocin influenced only certain individuals or in certain circumstances. Where once researchers took no notice of such finding, now a more …...2……. understanding of oxytocin’s effects is …...3……. investigations down new lines. To Bartz, the key to understanding what the hormone does lies in pinpointing its core function rather than in cataloguing its seemingly endless effects. There are several hypotheses which are not …...4……. exclusive. Oxytocin could help to reduce anxiety and fear. Or it could simply …...5……. people to seek out social connections.
a) bade b) nuanced c) mutually d) cherishes e) motivate f) subtleties g) propelling

#RFIB_New155

✅Answers:

1. subtleties (n.) : a small but important detail. جزییات مهم – باریک بینی
2. nuanced (adj.) : characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression.ظریف و دقیق
3. propelling (v.) : drive, push, or cause to move in a particular direction, typically forward.سوق دادن
4. mutually (adv.) : felt or done by two or more people or groups or things in the same way.متقابلاً
5. motivate (v.) : to cause someone to behave in a particular way. انگیختن – تحریک کردن

#RFIB_Answer_New155

❇️Analysis of the answers:

1. subtleties : A determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. The word “these” as a determiner, used mainly for plural nouns, is followed by a plural noun. Based on the meaning, the right noun is “subtleties”.
2. nuanced : attributive adjective is an adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. The word “understanding” as noun is preceded and described by an adjective “nuanced”. Also the blank is preceded by the word “more” which is a sign of adjective. Based on the meaning, “nuanced” is the right adjective.
3. propelling : Based on the auxiliary “is” and the lack of main verb we can understand that the structure of the sentence is present continuous and after the to-be verb “is” a verb + ing is used. Based on the meaning and tense, the right verb is “propelling”.
4. mutually : The word “exclusive” as the adjective is preceded and modified by an adverb and based on the meaning “mutually” is the right adverb.
5. motivate : The word “could” is a modal verb and modal verbs cannot be used on their own. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. Based on the meaning, “motivate” is the right verb.

❇️تحلیل»

1. یک تعیین کننده یا پیشرو اسم (determiner) واژه ای است که یک اسم (noun) را معرفی می کند. تعیین کننده ها همیشه قبل از اسم می آیند و نه بعد، و قبل از هر صفتی که برای توصیف اسم استفاده شده است می آیند. واژه “these” به عنوان یک determiner،(بطورکلی برای اسم های جمع استفاده می شود)، با یک اسم جمع (plural noun) ادامه یافته است.براساس معنا و ساختار، اسم صحیح “subtleties” می باشد.
2. یک attributive adjective، صفتی است که معمولاً قبل از اسمی (noun) که توصیف می کند و بدون یک فعل ربط (linking verb) می آید. واژه “understanding” به عنوان اسم (noun) در ادامه یک صفت که “nuanced” می باشد آمده و توسط اش توصیف شده است.همچنین جای خالی در ادامه واژه “more” آمده که یکی از نشانه های صفت می باشد. براساس معنا، صفت صحیح “nuanced” می باشد.
3. براساس فعل کمکی “is” و عدم وجود فعل اصلی می توانیم تشخیص دهیم که ساختار جمله حال استمراری (present continuous) می باشد و بعد از فعل to-be که “is” می باشد یک فعل در شکل –ing مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. براساس معنا و زمان، “propelling” فعل صحیح می باشد.
4. واژه “exclusive” به عنوان صفت در ادامه یک adverb آمده و توصیف شده توسط آن است و براساس معنا “mutually” پاسخ صحیح می باشد.
5. واژه “could” یک modal verb است و آنها نمی توانند به تنهایی استفاده شوند. بعد از یک modal verb، بطورکلی شکل اصلی فعل استفاده می شود. براساس معنا، فعل صحیح “motivate” می باشد.

#RFIB_Analysis_New155

#LFIB_NEW14.mp3

If you’d like to go back in time, there’s the Castle Feast on Saturday evening. It’s held in a twelfth-century castle, and you eat in the great ...1... , with ladies in long gowns serving your food. You’re given a whole chicken each, which you eat in the ...2... way, using your hands instead of ...3... , and you’re entertained by ...4.... where the ...5... riders attempt to knock one another off their horses. Then you can watch the dancers in the ballroom and join in as well if you want.
#LFIB _ New14

✅ Answer:
1. courtyard, 2. medieval, 3. cutlery, 4. competitions, 5. horseback, 6.ballroom.
#LFIB _ New14

Ok, so we’ll start by going back thousands of years. Most ancient cultures had weather gods, and weather ...1... , such as floods, played an important role in many creation ...2... . Generally , weather was ...3.... to the ...4.... of the gods, as the wide range of weather gods in ...5.... cultures shows. For instance, there’s the Egyptian sun god Ra, and Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning. Many ancient ...6.... developed rites such s dances in order to make the weather gods look kindly on them.
# LFIB _ New08

✅ Answer:
1. catastrophes, 2. myths, 3. attributed, 4. whims , 5. various, 6. civilisations .
# LFIB _ New08

#LFIB_NEW43.mp3

At midday, that’s 12 o’clock, there’s a film which is just as ...1... and it’s called The Great Migration. The is all about birds and how they migrate across ...2... and oceans using the Sun, the stars and the Earth’s ...3... field. As I said, it’s a film –an absolutely ...4... film –which all the family will enjoy, some ...5... photography –and it’s on in Theatre C, which you can see here just behind me –so bear that in mind for 12 o’clock. The next event is a ...6... taking place in the Exhibition Room and given by Monica Chaddha. It’s called Encouraging Garden Wildlife.
#LFIB _ New43

✅ Answer:
1. fascinating, 2. continents, 3. magnetic, 4. spectacular, 5. fabulous, 6. demonstration.
#LFIB _ New43

📌 متن :

🖥 Although scientific publishing has long been considered a bastion of integrity, recent revelations suggest that fraudulent practices are infiltrating even the most respected journals. A growing network of brokers is systematically producing low-quality manuscripts, often riddled with plagiarized content and fabricated data, which are then sold to researchers seeking rapid publication.



✳️ Check out the boldfaced words in a dictionary to study their pronunciation, collocations, parts of speech, and examples.

#Read_Aloud #RA

#Read_Aloud #RA

Exercise 1


A)
Alan Bennett was born on 9th May 1934 in Leeds, United Kingdom.

B)
He is an English playwright, screenwriter and diarist.

C)
Alan Bennett is 88 years old and is still writing today.

D)
His most famous plays were The Madness of George III (1991) and The History Boys (2004).

E)
Both plays were later adapted into films.


#RO #Reorder_Paragraph

Exercise 2


A)
For this reason, the primary meaning of art was, for centuries, defined as the representation or replication of something that is beautiful or meaningful.

B)
Plato first developed the idea of art as "mimesis," which, in Greek, means copying or imitation.

C)
Today, it is no longer the only measure of value.

D)
Until roughly the end of the eighteenth century, a work of art was valued on the basis of how faithfully it replicated its subject.


#RO #Reorder_Paragraph