💊 Orphan Drug 💊

🔹 Definition:
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical developed specifically to treat rare diseases (or orphan diseases) affecting a small percentage of the population.

🔹 Incentives for Development:
To encourage research and production, governments provide incentives such as:
- Tax credits for clinical trials
- Grant funding
- Market exclusivity for a period (usually 7-10 years)
These benefits help companies offset costs associated with developing treatments for rare diseases.

🔹 Regulation in India:
India’s National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 includes provisions to promote orphan drug development, including financial support for patients needing these medicines and incentives for drug manufacturers.

🔹 Examples of Orphan Diseases:
Conditions like cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancers are often treated with orphan drugs.

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🌱 Svalbard Global Seed Vault 🌱

🔹 **Location: Arctic Circle, Svalbard, Norway
🔹 Purpose: Protects global crop diversity by storing backup seeds for key food crops. Known as the "Doomsday Vault" for its role in preserving seeds against disasters.

🔹 Capacity: Stores over 1 million seed varieties; can hold up to 4.5 million.
🔹 Design: Built to withstand natural and man-made threats, kept at –18°C within mountain permafrost for long-term preservation.

🔹 **Managed by: The Norwegian government, in partnership with the Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust) and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center.

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**🌏 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 🌏

🔹 **Founded: 1966
🔹 Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
🔹 Members: 68 countries (49 from the Asia-Pacific region)

🔹 Purpose:
ADB aims to foster economic growth and reduce poverty in the Asia-Pacific region through financial assistance, technical support, and knowledge sharing.

🔹 Key Functions:
1. Funding Development Projects: Provides loans, grants, and equity investments for projects in sectors like infrastructure, health, and education.
2. Technical Assistance: Offers expertise to member countries on policy reforms and capacity building.
3. Private Sector Support: Promotes private investments to accelerate economic development.
4. Climate Action: Prioritizes sustainable projects to combat climate change and improve resilience.

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🏙 World Urban Forum (WUF) 🏙

🔹In news : The 12th session of the World Urban Forum (WUF12), held from 4–8 November in Cairo(Egypt), put a spotlight on pressing urban issues resonating with Africa.

🔹 Established: 2001 by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

🔹 Frequency: Held every two years in a different host city, bringing together leaders, policymakers, experts, and citizens to discuss urban challenges and solutions.

🔹 Key Objectives:
1. Promote Sustainable Cities: Supports the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).
2. Share Best Practices: Provides a platform to share innovative ideas for sustainable urban development.
3. Raise Awareness: Highlights the challenges of rapid urbanization and the need for inclusive urban policies.

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🌐 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 🌐

🔹In news : The WIPO has published the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) Report 2024. According to the report, India now ranks 6th globally with 64,480 patent applications.

🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Members: 193 member states
🔹 About: WIPO is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to promoting intellectual property (IP) protection worldwide.

🔹 Key Functions:
1. Global IP Services: Manages international systems for patents, trademarks, and copyrights, making it easier for inventors and businesses to protect their IP across borders.
2. Policy Development: Assists member states in formulating IP laws and policies to support innovation.
3. Dispute Resolution: Offers arbitration and mediation services to resolve IP disputes without litigation.

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🌍 State of the Climate Report 🌍

🔹 Published by: World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
🔹 Frequency: Annually, providing a comprehensive review of the global climate

🔹 Purpose: The State of the Climate Report highlights significant climate trends, extreme weather events, and their impacts on ecosystems, economies, and human health. It informs policymakers and supports global efforts to combat climate change.

🔹 Key Areas Covered:
1. Temperature Trends: Tracks global average temperatures, often revealing warming above pre-industrial levels.
2. Greenhouse Gas Concentrations: Reports on levels of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in the atmosphere.
3. Sea Level Rise: Monitors sea level increases, mainly due to melting glaciers and ice sheets.
4. Extreme Weather Events: Analyzes occurrences and impacts of floods, droughts, hurricanes, and heatwaves.

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**🌴 Solomon Islands 🌴**

🔹In news : A team of researchers recently discovered the world's largest coral colony in the Solomon Islands.

🔹 Location: An archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands.

🔹 Capital: Honiara (located on Guadalcanal Island)

🔹 Language: English (official) and various local languages

🔹 Geography:
- Known for its tropical climate, lush rainforests, and extensive coral reefs.
- A hotspot for biodiversity with a rich variety of flora and fauna.

🔹 History:
- Gained independence from the UK in 1978.
- Played a significant role in World War II, especially the Battle of Guadalcanal.


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🌟 Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) 🌟

🔹 In News: The Centre recently launched the PAIR initiative to boost research excellence in central and state public universities, fostering collaborations with top-ranking institutions.

🔹 About PAIR: An initiative by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)

🔹 Key Objectives:
1. Promote scientific innovation in institutions with limited research.
2. Support high-impact, internationally competitive research.
3. Build collaborative networks between diverse institutions.
4. Enhance research infrastructure, quality, and culture.

🔹 Model:
- Works on a hub-and-spoke model:
- Hubs: Top 25 NIRF institutions and Institutions of National Importance (top 50 NIRF overall rankings).
- Spokes: Central/State Universities, select NITs, and IIITs.

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