📚 Chhattisgarh GK – Landmark Facts for Judiciary Exam

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6/7. Education & Institutions

🔷• Oldest University: Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur.

🔷• National Law University: Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU), Raipur.

🔷• Medical Institution: AIIMS Raipur.

🔷• Other Important University: Guru Ghasidas University (Bilaspur).

📚 Chhattisgarh GK – Landmark Facts for Judiciary Exam

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7/7. Current Affairs (Recent)

🔷• New Districts (2020–2022): Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki, Sarangarh-Bilaigarh, Sakti, Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai, Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi.

🔷• Current Chief Minister (2025): Vishnu Deo Sai (BJP).

🔷• Current Governor (2025): Ramen Deka.

🔰 Constitution of Parliament 🔰

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🌱 Constitutional Basis

Articles 79 to 122 of the Constitution deal with the Union Parliament.

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India at the Union level.

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🌱 Composition (Art. 79)

The Parliament consists of:

President of India

Two Houses:

Lok Sabha (House of the People) – Lower House

Rajya Sabha (Council of States) – Upper House

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🪶 Lok Sabha (House of the People)

🔹 Maximum Strength: 552 members (Art. 81)

530 from States

20 from Union Territories

2 nominated by President (Anglo-Indian community) – provision abolished by the 104th Amendment, 2019.

🔹 Current Strength (2025): 543 elected members.

🔹 Election: Members directly elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage (Art. 326).

🔹 Term: 5 years (can be dissolved earlier).

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🪶 Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

🔸 Maximum Strength: 250 members (Art. 80)

238 representatives of States & Union Territories

12 nominated by the President (eminent persons in literature, science, art, social service).

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🔸 Current Strength: 245 members.

🔸 Nature: Permanent body – not subject to dissolution; one-third of its members retire every 2 years.

🔸 Term: 6 years for each member.

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🌱 President of India & Parliament

President is an integral part of Parliament.

Summons, prorogues sessions, dissolves Lok Sabha, addresses Parliament, gives assent to Bills.

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🌱 Powers of Parliament

🟣 Legislative Powers: Makes laws on Union List and Concurrent List.

🟣 Financial Powers: Passes budget, controls taxation, expenditure.

🟣 Constitutional Powers: Can amend the Constitution (Art. 368).

🟣 Judicial Powers: Can impeach President, remove judges, punish for breach of privilege.

🟣 Electoral Functions: Participates in election/removal of President, Vice-President.

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🌱 Important Case Law

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is wide but limited by the Basic Structure Doctrine.

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🌱 Conclusion

The Parliament of India is a bicameral legislature consisting of the President, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. It embodies popular sovereignty (Lok Sabha) and federal representation (Rajya Sabha), making it the supreme law-making authority at the Union level.

📌 Exam Tip: Always mention Articles 79–122, Lok Sabha = 5 years, Rajya Sabha = 6 years, 104th Amendment (Anglo-Indian nomination abolished), and Kesavananda Bharati case.

🔰 Composition of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) 🔰

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🍯 Constitutional Provision

Article 80 of the Constitution deals with the composition of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

🍯 Maximum Strength

250 Members

238 Representatives of States and Union Territories

12 Nominated Members by the President (eminent persons in literature, science, art, social service).

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🍯 Current Strength (2025)

245 Members

233 elected representatives of States & Union Territories.

12 nominated by the President.

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🍯 Representation of States & UTs

⭕️ States: Members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies through proportional representation by single transferable vote.

⭕️ Union Territories: Members are elected in the same manner by the electoral college for that UT (e.g., Delhi, Puducherry).

⭕️ Nominated Members

The President nominates 12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in:

🟤 Literature

🟤 Science

🟤 Art

🟤 Social service

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🍯 Term

Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, not subject to dissolution.

One-third of its members retire every 2 years.

Term of office: 6 years for each member.

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🍯 Key Points

Provides representation to the States of India in the federal structure.

Ensures experienced persons (through nominations) contribute to parliamentary debates.

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🍯 Conclusion

The Rajya Sabha, as the Upper House of Parliament, represents the interests of States and UTs, while also including nominated members to bring expertise into law-making. Its composition balances federalism with national interest.

📌 Exam Tip: Always remember – Article 80, Max strength 250 (238+12), Current strength 245, PR-STV system, 6 years term, 1/3rd retire every 2 years.

🔰 Composition of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) 🔰

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⚽️ Constitutional Provision

Article 81 deals with the composition of the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

⚽️ Maximum Strength

552 Members

530 representatives of the States.

20 representatives of the Union Territories.

2 nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community (✅ Abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment, 2019).

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⚽️ Current Strength (2025)

543 elected members

530 from States

13 from Union Territories

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⚽️ Method of Election

Members are directly elected by the people of India.

Universal Adult Suffrage (Art. 326): every citizen of 18 years and above has the right to vote.

First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) system of election is used.

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⚽️ Term

5 years (Art. 83), unless dissolved earlier by the President.

Can be extended by Parliament during a National Emergency (Art. 352), but not beyond one year at a time.

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⚽️ Reserved Seats

Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population.

No reservation for religious minorities.

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⚽️ Key Points

Represents the direct will of the people.

Known as the Lower House, but it is the real center of power in Parliament.

Responsible for controlling the Council of Ministers through no-confidence motions (Art. 75(3)).

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⚽️ Conclusion

The Lok Sabha is the popularly elected house of Parliament, directly representing the people of India. With 543 elected members, it plays a central role in law-making, financial control and ensuring government accountability.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 81 (composition), 543 strength, 5 years term, FPTP election, 104th Amendment (Anglo-Indian seat abolished).

🔰 Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha 🔰

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1️⃣ Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

🛜 Position: The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (Art. 64)

🛜 Role:

Presides over the sittings of the Rajya Sabha.

Maintains order and decorum in the House.

Decides on points of order.

No voting power, except casting vote in case of a tie.

🛜 Remuneration: Draws salary as Vice-President, not as Chairman.

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2️⃣ Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

🛜 Election (Art. 89(1)): Elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from among themselves.

🛜 Role:

Presides over the House in the absence of the Chairman.

Enjoys all powers of the Chairman when presiding.

🛜 Tenure: Holds office until he/she ceases to be a member of Rajya Sabha or resigns, or is removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha (effective by a majority of members present and voting).

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🛜 Key Points

*️⃣ Article 64 → Vice-President is Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

*️⃣ Article 89 → Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman.

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🔘 Removal:

⏭️ Chairman (Vice-President) → removed by Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha resolution (Art. 67(b)).

⏭️ Deputy Chairman → removed by a majority resolution in Rajya Sabha alone.

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⏹️ Conclusion

The Chairman (Vice-President) and the Deputy Chairman ensure smooth functioning of the Rajya Sabha. While the Chairman is an ex-officio presiding officer, the Deputy Chairman is elected from within the House to discharge duties in his absence.

📌 Exam Tip: Always mention Articles 64 & 89, and the fact that Chairman = Vice-President (ex-officio) while Deputy Chairman = elected by Rajya Sabha.

🔰 Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha 🔰

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1️⃣ Speaker of Lok Sabha

◾️ Constitutional Basis: Article 93 – Lok Sabha shall choose two members as Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

◾️ Election: Elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves.

◾️ Tenure:

👉🏻 Holds office during the life of Lok Sabha (5 years).

👉🏻 Vacates earlier if:

Ceases to be member of Lok Sabha, or

Resigns, or

Removed by a resolution of the Lok Sabha passed by a majority of all members.

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◾️ Powers & Functions:

👉🏻 Presides over sittings of Lok Sabha and maintains order.

👉🏻 Decides questions of disqualification under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law).

👉🏻 Decides on points of order; his decision is final.

👉🏻 Refers bills to committees.

👉🏻 No voting power, except casting vote in case of a tie.

👉🏻 Acts as ex-officio Chairperson of Business Advisory Committee, Rules Committee and General Purposes Committee.

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◾️ Special Position:

Considered the guardian of the privileges of Lok Sabha.

Next to President in order of precedence.

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2️⃣ Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

◾️ Election: Elected by members of Lok Sabha from among themselves after election of the Speaker.

◾️ Role:

Presides over Lok Sabha in the absence of the Speaker.

When presiding, has same powers as the Speaker.

◾️ Tenure: Same as Speaker; removable by a majority resolution of the Lok Sabha.

◾️ Key Points

Article 93 → Provision for Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

◾️ Removal: By resolution of Lok Sabha (effective by majority of all then members).

⏺️ Case Law: Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu (1992) – Speaker’s decision under Anti-Defection Law is subject to judicial review.

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⏺️ Conclusion

The Speaker is the presiding officer and guardian of Lok Sabha proceedings, while the Deputy Speaker assists and acts in his absence. Together, they ensure the smooth and impartial functioning of the House of the People.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 93, Anti-Defection role, casting vote, judicial review (Kihoto Hollohan, 1992).

🔰 Disqualifications of Members of Parliament 🔰

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⛳️ Constitutional Provisions

The disqualifications of MPs are laid down mainly in:

Articles 102 & 103 of the Constitution.

Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA).

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1️⃣ Disqualification under the Constitution (Art. 102)

A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of Parliament if he:

⛔️ Holds any office of profit under the Union or State government (except offices exempted by Parliament).

⛔️ Is of unsound mind, declared so by a competent court.

⛔️ Is an undischarged insolvent.

⛔️ Is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State.

⛔️ Is disqualified under any law made by Parliament (RPA, 1951).

👉 Article 103 – Decision on disqualification is made by the President, who must act according to the opinion of the Election Commission.

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2️⃣ Disqualification under Representation of the People Act, 1951

A person is disqualified if he/she:

❌ Is convicted of certain criminal offences (e.g., corruption, terrorism, promoting enmity, certain serious crimes).

❌ Is guilty of corrupt practices in elections.

❌ Has engaged in government contracts, works or services.

❌ Fails to lodge an account of election expenses.

❌ Is a director/manager in a company owing money to government.

(Important: 2013 Supreme Court ruling in Lily Thomas v. Union of India – MPs convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to 2 years or more are disqualified immediately; earlier they could continue till appeal.)

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3️⃣ Disqualification under Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule)

An MP can be disqualified if:

⚠️ He voluntarily gives up membership of his party.

⚠️ He votes or abstains contrary to party whip without permission.

⚠️ An independent member joins a political party after election.

⚠️ A nominated member joins a party after 6 months of nomination.

⚠️ Decision lies with the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha).

Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu (1992) – Speaker’s decision under Tenth Schedule is subject to judicial review.

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⛳️ Conclusion

The disqualifications of MPs are designed to ensure that Parliament consists of persons of integrity, loyalty and accountability. The provisions under Articles 102–103, RPA 1951 and Anti-Defection Law collectively protect the sanctity of Parliament.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Articles 102–103, RPA 1951, Lily Thomas (2013), Kihoto Hollohan (1992).

🔰 Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members 🔰

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🎲 Constitutional Basis

Articles 105 & 194 deal with the powers, privileges and immunities of Parliament/State Legislatures.

🎲 Purpose: To enable legislators to function independently and fearlessly.

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1️⃣ Powers of Parliament

🧩 Legislative Powers – Makes laws on Union List & Concurrent List (Art. 246).

🧩 Financial Powers – Controls taxation, budget, expenditure (Money Bill introduced only in Lok Sabha).

🧩 Constitutional Powers – Can amend Constitution (Art. 368).

🧩 Judicial Powers – Impeachment of President, removal of judges, punish for breach of privilege.

🧩 Electoral Powers – Elects President, Vice-President.

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2️⃣ Privileges and Immunities of Parliament & its Members (Art. 105)

🅰️ Collective Privileges of Parliament

◾️ Right to publish proceedings; others need Parliament’s permission.

◾️ Right to exclude strangers from proceedings and hold secret sittings.

◾️ Right to punish members/outsiders for breach of privilege or contempt.

◾️ Freedom to regulate its own internal proceedings.

🅱️ Individual Privileges of Members

◾️ Freedom of Speech in Parliament (Art. 105(1))

◾️ Members cannot be questioned in any court for anything said/voted in Parliament.

◾️ Subject to parliamentary rules and discipline.

◾️ Freedom from Arrest

◾️ Members cannot be arrested in civil cases during sessions, and 40 days before/after session.

◾️ No immunity in criminal cases.

◾️ Exemption from Jury Duty

◾️ Cannot be compelled to give evidence or appear as a witness while Parliament is in session.

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3️⃣ Limitations

Privileges are not absolute; they are subject to the fundamental rights of citizens (esp. freedom of speech, Art. 19).

They are undefined in many respects, hence decided on a case-to-case basis.

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4️⃣ Important Case Laws

🔲 Keshav Singh’s case (1965): Supreme Court held that Parliament’s privileges are subject to judicial review.

🔲 Shiv Sagar Tiwari case (1997): Misuse of privileges (allotment of government accommodation) was criticized.

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🎲 Conclusion

The powers, privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members are essential to maintain the independence and dignity of the legislature. However, since many privileges remain uncodified, the balance between legislative privileges and fundamental rights is maintained by the judiciary.

📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Articles 105 & 194, freedom of speech, freedom from arrest (civil cases), Keshav Singh case (1965).